Particular consequences of a serious breach

2. No State shall recognize as lawful a situation created by a serious breach within the meaning of 
article 40, nor render aid or assistance in maintaining that situation. 
3. This article is without prejudice to the other consequences referred to in this part and to such 
further consequences that a breach to which this chapter applies may entail under international law. 
P
ART THREE
T
HE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY OF A STATE
C
HAPTER 
I 
I
NVOCATION OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF A 
S
TATE
 
Article 42 
Invocation of responsibility by an injured State 
A State is entitled as an injured State to invoke the responsibility of another State if the obligation 
breached is owed to: 
(a) 
that State individually; or 
(b) 
a group of States including that State, or the international community as a whole, and the breach 
of the obligation: 
(i) 
specially affects that State; or 
(ii) 
is of such a character as radically to change the position of all the other States to which the 
obligation is owed with respect to the further performance of the obligation. 
 
Article 43 
Notice of claim by an injured State 
1. An injured State which invokes the responsibility of another State shall give notice of its claim 
to that State. 
2. The injured State may specify in particular: 
(a) 
the conduct that the responsible State should take in order to cease the wrongful act, if it is 
continuing; 
(b) 
what form reparation should take in accordance with the provisions of part two. 
 
Article 44 
Admissibility of claims 
The responsibility of a State may not be invoked if: 

(a) 
the claim is not brought in accordance with any applicable rule relating to the nationality of 
claims; 
(b) 
the claim is one to which the rule of exhaustion of local remedies applies and any available and 
effective local remedy has not been exhausted. 
 
Article 45 
Loss of the right to invoke responsibility 
The responsibility of a State may not be invoked if: 
(a) 
the injured State has validly waived the claim; 
(b) 
the injured State is to be considered as having, by reason of its conduct, validly acquiesced in the 
lapse of the claim. 
 
Article 46 
Plurality of injured States 
Where several States are injured by the same internationally wrongful act, each injured State may 
separately invoke the responsibility of the State which has committed the internationally wrongful act. 
 
Article 47 
Plurality of responsible States 
1. Where several States are responsible for the same internationally wrongful act, the 
responsibility of each State may be invoked in relation to that act. 
2. Paragraph 1: 
(a) 
does not permit any injured State to recover, by way of compensation, more than the damage it 
has suffered; 
(b) 
is without prejudice to any right of recourse against the other responsible States. 
 
Article 48 
Invocation of responsibility by a State other 
than an injured State 
1. Any State other than an injured State is entitled to invoke the responsibility of another State in 
accordance with paragraph 2 if: 
(a) 
the obligation breached is owed to a group of States including that State, and is established for the 
protection of a collective interest of the group; or 
(b) 
the obligation breached is owed to the international community as a whole. 

2. Any State entitled to invoke responsibility under paragraph 1 may claim from the responsible 
State: 
(a) 
cessation of the internationally wrongful act, and assurances and guarantees of non-repetition in 
accordance with article 30; and 
(b) 
performance of the obligation of reparation in accordance with the preceding articles, in the 
interest of the injured State or of the beneficiaries of the obligation breached. 
3. The requirements for the invocation of responsibility by an injured State under articles 43, 44 
and 45 apply to an invocation of responsibility by a State entitled to do so under paragraph 1. 
C
HAPTER 
II 
C
OUNTERMEASURES

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