Article 19
Effect of this chapter
This chapter is without prejudice to the international responsibility, under other provisions of
these articles, of the State which commits the act in question, or of any other State.
C
HAPTER
V
C
IRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS
Article 20
Consent
Valid consent by a State to the commission of a given act by another State precludes the
wrongfulness of that act in relation to the former State to the extent that the act remains within the limits
of that consent.
Article 21
Self-defence
The wrongfulness of an act of a State is precluded if the act constitutes a lawful measure of self-
defence taken in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Article 22
Countermeasures in respect of an internationally
wrongful act
The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation towards
another State is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a countermeasure taken against the
latter State in accordance with chapter II of part three.
Article 23
Force majeure
1. The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation of that
State is precluded if the act is due to force majeure, that is the occurrence of an irresistible force or of an
unforeseen event, beyond the control of the State, making it materially impossible in the circumstances
to perform the obligation.
2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if:
(
a)
the situation
of force majeure is due, either alone or in combination with other factors, to the
conduct of the State invoking it; or
(
b)
the State has assumed the risk of that situation occurring.
Article 24
Distress
1. The wrongfulness of an act of a State not in conformity with an international obligation of that
State is precluded if the author of the act in question has no other reasonable way, in a situation of
distress, of saving the author’s life or the lives of other persons entrusted to the author’s care.
2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if:
(
a)
the situation of distress is due, either alone or in combination with other factors, to the conduct of
the State invoking it; or
(
b)
the act in question is likely to create a comparable or greater peril.
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