Mệnh đề MỆnh dề I/ Định nghĩa

             Trong các hội thoại thường ngày, các trợ động từ  thường được tỉnh lược. Nhưng trong văn viết, việc dung tỉnh lược nên được hạn chế.

            Dưới đây là các thể tĩh lược chính trong tiếng Anh.

 

1. Pronoun + Auxiliary  or Defective/Modal Verbs (Đại danh từ + trợ động từ)

I've	= I have
We've	= we have
You've	= you have
I'd	= I had , I would
He'd	= he had, he would
I'm	= I am
He's	= he is , he has
We're	= we are
You're	= you are
It's	= it is
'twas	= it was
That's	= that is
There's	= there is
I'll	= I will, shall
'twill	= it will
Let's	= let  us

 

2. Auxiliary or  Defective + Negative (Trợ động từ + Not)

 

To be :

Isn't	= is not
Wasn't	= was not
Weren't	= were not

Haven't	= have not
Hasn't	= has not

Don't	= do not
Doesn't	= does not
Didn't	= did not

Can't	= can not
Couldn't	= could not

Won't	= will not
Wouldn't	= would not

Shan't	= shan not
Shouldn't	= should not

Mustn't

= must not

 

2. Cách dịch câu "PHẢI KHÔNG"/ Câu hỏi đuôi (Tag Questions)

Với Câu hỏi "phải không" ta phải nhớ các luật sau đây:

            1/ Thể tỉnh lược thường dược dung cho câu hỏi "phải không? - hỏi đuôi".

            Ví dụ:

                        You love me, don't you?

                        You don't  love me, do you?

            2/ Nếu phần thứ nhất (chính) là thể phủ định , câu hỏi sẽ là khẳng định.

                        John doesn't learn English, does he?

            3/ Nếu phần thứ nhất (chính) là thể khẳng định câu hỏi sẽ là phủ định.

            Ví dụ:

                        John learns English, doesn't he?      

            4/ Nếu chủ từ của động từ ở phần thứ nhất (chính) là danh từ , ta phải dùng đại từ danh tự thay nó ở câu hỏi.

                        John learns English, doesn't he?                

                   Hoa met her last night, didn't she?   

 

1. Định nghĩa: Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề.

 

2. Phân loại: Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính:

            a. Đẳng lập (song song):

            Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ...):

Ví dụ:

He and I are students.

She is beautiful and kind.

They are learning to read and write.

            b. Liên từ phụ thuộc:

 

3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):

            Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm:

AND               

            Ví dụ:               She is a good and loyal wife.

                                    I have many books and notebooks.      

            Ví dụ:               She is both good and loyal.

                                    They learn both English and French.

 

AS WELL AS 

            Ví dụ:               He has experience as well as knownledge.

            Ví dụ:               You no less than he are very rich.

           

NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO)

            Ví dụ:               He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.

                                    I like playing not only tennis but (also)  football.

OR

            Ví dụ:               Hurry up, or you will be late.

           

EITHER...OR

            Ví dụ:               He isn't either good or kind.

                                    I don't have either books or notebooks.

 

NEITHER ... NOR

            Ví dụ:               He drinks neither wine nor beer.

                                    She has neither husband nor children.

 

BUT

            Ví dụ:               He is intelligent but very lazy.

                                    She is ugly but hard-working. 

 

THEN

            Ví dụ:               You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.

                                    The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long.

 

CONSEQUENTLY

            Ví dụ:   You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam.

           

HOWEVER

            Ví dụ:   He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.

                        It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar.  

 

NEVERTHELESS

            Ví dụ:               She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.

            Ví dụ:               I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.

                        She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.

 

OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE

            Ví dụ:               We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam.

            Ví dụ:               Go where you like; only do not stay here.

 

THEREFORE

            Ví dụ:               He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.

 

4. Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ):

            Những liên từ phụ thuộc:

            Ví dụ:               He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.

           

WHEREAS

            Ví dụ:               He learns hard whereas his friends don't.           

                                    Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.

 

WHILE

            Ví dụ:               Don't sing while you work.

                                    Don't talk while you eat.

            BESIDES, MOREOVER

            Ví dụ:               We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention

                                    to physical exercise.

                                    He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.

SO

            Ví dụ:               He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students.

                                    It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night.

            Ví dụ:               I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.

                                    He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.

 

- Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ):        

            a. Thời gian (Time):

            Ví dụ:               A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard.

                                    The ship was checked carefully after she had been built.

            Ví dụ:               He came her, as the clock struck six.

                                    They left as the bell rang..

 

AS SOON AS

            Ví dụ:               I will phone you as soon as I come home.

                                    They will get married as soon as they finish university.

 

BEFORE

            Ví dụ:               Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd.

                                       He talks as if he were very wise.

.

            Ví dụ:               He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.

 

AS LONG AS

            Ví dụ:               No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends.

                        I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.

 

UNTIL

            Ví dụ:               People do not know the value of health until they lose it.

 

WHEN

            Ví dụ:   When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes.

            Ví dụ:               Make hay while the sun shines.

                                    Step while you dance.

            b. Nơi chốn (Places):

            WHERE

            Ví dụ:               The bed room is the best place where I do my homework.

           

WHEREVER

            Ví dụ:               His mother follows him wherever he goes.

                                    I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.

            c. Thể cách (Manner):

            AS

            Ví dụ:               Do as I told you to do.

            Ví dụ:               He talks as if he knew everything about her.

                                    He dances as if he were a professional dancer.

            d. So sánh (Comparisons):

            Ví dụ:               He is as tall as his brither.

                                    This bag is as expensive as that one.

 

THAN

            Ví dụ:               She is more beautiful than her sister.

                                    She looks fatter than his friend.

            e. Lí do (Reasons):

            Ví dụ:               As it rained very hard, we stopped they games.

           

BECAUSE

            Ví dụ:               We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard.

                                    I didn't meet her because she had left earlier.

 

SINCE

            Ví dụ:               I must go since she has telephoned three times.

            Ví dụ:               I work hard that I may succeed in life.

 

SO THAT

            Ví dụ:               We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.

 

IN ORDER THAT

            Ví dụ:               We learn French in order to study in France.

            g. Điều kiện (Conditions) :

            Ví dụ:               I will phone him if I have his phone number.

           

UNLESS (IF NOT)

            Ví dụ:               You will be late unless you set off now.

                                    Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.

            Ví dụ:               I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault.

                                    You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket..

            Ví dụ:               You should take an umbrella in case it rains.

                                    Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.

            h. Sự tương phản, trái ngược:

            Ví dụ:   Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her.     

           

AS

            Ví dụ:               Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy.

           

EVEN IF

            Ví dụ:               Even if my watch is right, we will be too late.

           

NOT WITH STANDING THAT

            Ví dụ:               He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.

 

CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

 

1. Bị /Thụ động cách là cách đặt câu trong đó chủ ngữ đứng vai bị động.

  Ví dụ:

            1. Chinese is learnt at school by her.

                        2. A book was  bought by her.

Chú ý: Điều kiện để có thể chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động:            Thứ 1: Câu chủ động phải xác lập có được tân ngữ. (object)            Thứ 2: Câu chủ động phải có Ngoại động từ. (transitive verbs)

Active  :          Subject - Transitive Verb – Object

 

Ví dụ:               The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active)

                        Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive)

                        An apple was given to him.

                        He was given an apple by me.

 

4. Một số câu đặc biệt phải dịch là "Người ta" khi dịch sang tiếng Việt.

                        It was said that = people said that. (Người ta nói rằng)

            Một số động từ được dùng như trên: believe, say, suggest, expect, ...

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE để chỉ một ý định hay sự bắt buộc hoặc sự không thể được.

 

Ví dụ:                This exercise is to be done.

                        This matter is to be discussed soon.

 

6. Sau những động từ: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay một động từ chỉ về giác quan hoặc cảm tính, ta dùng Past Participle (Tham khảo phần Bảng động từ bất quy tắc) bao hàm nghĩa như bị động:

            We heard the song sung.

            We got tired after having walked for long.

                       

7. Bảng chia Chủ động sang Bị động:

Simple present	do	done
Present continuous	is/are doing	is/are being done
Simple Past	did	was/were done
Past continuous	was/were doing	was/were being done
Present Perfect	has/have done	has/have been done
Past perfect	had done	had been done
Simple future	will do	will be done
Future perfect	will have done	will have been done
is/are going to	is/are going to  do	is/are going to be done
Can	can, could do	can, could be done
Might	might do	might be done
Must	must do	must be done
Have to	have to	have to be done

a. Một số động từ đặc biệt: remember; want; try; like, hate ...

   Ví dụ:             I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active)

                        I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive)

  Ví dụ:              She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(actiove)

   Ví dụ:             She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove)