Ministry of education and training
- Điều hướng trang này:
- Methods to describe
| SL Emphasis
Word-for-word translation Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation
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TL Emphasis Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation
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Word-for-word translation: This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or [o construe a difficult text as a pre-t ran slat ion process.
Literal translation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
Faithful translation: A faithful Translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.
Semantic translation: Semantic translation differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on 'meaning' where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.
Adaptation: This is the 'freest' form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comediesl and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have 'rescued1 period plays.
Free translation: Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called 'intralingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
Idiomatic translation: Idiomatic translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original- (Authorities as diverse as Seteskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, 'natural' translation.)
Communicative translation: Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a wav that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
Other Methods : As a postscript to this chapter, I add further definitions of translation methods namely Service translation, Plain prose translation, Information translation.
Notions Of Translation And Translation Equivalence
Notions Of Translation
Translation practice dates back to thousands of years. Translation theories, however, have just been developed in recent decades. Noteworthy, since the emergence of theories in translation, there have been numerous viewpoints towards the notions of translation. Jakobson (1959) was regarded as one of the first researchers of the 20th century to propose a concept of translation.
Translation Equivalence
The dictionary defines equivalence as being the same, similar or interchangeable with something else. In translation terms, equivalence is a term used to refer to the nature and extent of the relationships between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units. Translation equivalence is the similarity between a word (or expression) in one language and its translation in another. This similarity results from overlapping ranges of reference.
When discussing equivalence in translation Venuti (2000, p. 5) believes “equivalence has been understood as ‘accuracy’, ‘adequacy’, ‘correctness’, ‘correspondence’, ‘fidelity’, or ‘identity’; it is a variable notion about how the translation is connected to the foreign text”. Munday (2001) takes equivalence in translation as the central focus in his studies. Kenny (1998) states that translation.
The theories about translation equivalence proposed by Nida (1964) pointed out two equivalence types, namely dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence.
Technical Translation
Newmark (1981) differently distinguishes technical translation from institutional translation: “Technical translation is one of the part of specialized translation; institutional translation, the areas of politics, commerce, finance, government etc... is the other.” He goes on to suggest that technical translation is potentially non-cultural and universal because the benefits of technology are not confined to one speech community. The terms in technical translation, therefore should be translated. On the contrary, institutional translation is cultural, so in principle, the terms are transferred unless they are connected with international organization. Though having different approaches to technical translation, two authors view it as specialized translation with its essential element – “special terms”.
TRANSLATION OF ESP
Definition Of English for Specific Purpose (ESP) is a worldwide subject. Hutchinson and Waters (1987) note that two key historical periods breathed life into ESP. David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP: English as a restricted language English for Academic and Occupational Purposes English with specific topics.
Marketing ESP translation
Marketing ESP translation is recently very important because most. Marketing documents are written in English language which needs to understand deeply.
Translation in the area of Marketing terms
Marketing term is one of the popular specific fields, like other languages, its terminologies can change over time. If we translate in the Marketing field, we must find the correct terminology used in the translation.
THE POPULAR CONSTRUCTION OF MARKETING TERM
The term that makes up the language of marketing is quite available and its word building is also based in different ways but a majority of Marketing terminologies are in single terms and compound terms. This study will provide you with some of them used in the Marketing term. For example, with single terms “anti competitive” Vietnamese meaning “chống cạnh tranh không lành mạnh”, “Anti Trust” its meaning “kiểm soát độc quyền”,etc. And then, we have some commons marketing abbreviations for instance, MKIS stand for Marketing Information System , MRSA stand for Market Research Society of Australia and so on.
COMMON METHODS APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF MARKETING TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE
Firtly, Shift or transposition translation. A shift (Catford) or transposition (Vinay and Darbelnet) involves a change in the grammar/part of speech from SL to TL.This method is employed effectively in the translation of most of the compound terms from English into Vietnamese. The basic ruler for the translation of the compound terms. English: Classifier + Thing , Vietnamese: Thing + Classifier. For example : Classifier ( adjective) + Thing. Secondly, there translation by paraphrase using related words and unrelated words. Paraphrase is one of many ways that facilitates translators to produce the adequate lexical equivalents. For instance, in the term “Non – profit marketing” if word for word translation strategy is applied, the word “Non- profit” will be translated as “ không lợi ích” . However, the accurate Vietnamese equivalent of this term is “Tiếp thị phi lợi nhuận” and so on.
Methods to describe
Due to the small scope of the study, the present study merely explored the means that the translators employed to translate Marketing terms from English into Vietnamese. The methodology describes the broad philosophical underpinning to his chosen research methods, including the research design mixture of both quantitative and qualitative methods, the data gathering instruments, the settings for the present study, the participants information, the procedures of data collection and data analysis. This study was also conducted by means of descriptive statistics.
First and foremost, instruments for obtaining data. From my point of view, three means of instruments are a translation test, a questionnaire and an interview, which were specifically used for different population groups. To begin with, document analysis-translation test. There are many types of Marketing businesses that the students have been taught. For the purpose of the present study and in the limited period of the research report, the author decided to merely choose 5 commonly used Marketing businesses from which one or more sentences were picked to form a test of Vietnamese-English translation. The ten sentences chosen translation are typically difficult ones that might challenge translators of Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Search Engine Marketing, Content Marketing, Video Marketing and so forth. The structure of the test was designed as follows: For example, Sentences 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 are used to choose from an adjustment content of marketing or give them some words usually of marketing business to see how the solution. Sentence 2 find out the mistakes in translating marketing. Sentences 4, 6, 9 are designed for the strategies of finding successful translated. About questionnaire, it was created to get responses from student translators in order to discover the origins of the mistakes observed in various translated versions. There are ten multiple-choice questions in the survey. After the mistakes had been categorized and the questionnaire copies had been filled out the interview. The goal of this interview was to delve deeper into the origins of the students' problems and compare the teacher's explanations with the students' responses in order to identify the root causes.
On the other hand, participants' information. The population sample for this study involves two groups: Junior college UTEHY students who major in English and the teacher of translation. They are the highly qualified respondents who have access to the information and have a direct impact on the outcome. For students, the most important reason is that this research was done to discover the problems in translation. Furthermore, these third-year students are studying Market Leaders and Translation. As a result, the research is both relevant and useful. Another factor is that the students chosen are classmates who go to school together. As a result, distributing, administrating, and collecting data is a delight. The sample size in the three locations, which I approach for distributing the translation sheets and questionnaires, must be 45 pupils in total, according to the standard document of population-sample sizes in research. For the matter of convenience sampling, I will send everyone the online document of the sample. Then I was picked from the student list by listing out the students who have done. Besides, the translation teacher at FFL namely Mrs. Nguyen Dinh Sinh, Ms.Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet, Ms.Nguyen Thi Duyen and so on. Directly teaching those third-year students, including myself already learn. So I believe my teacher authentically qualified to react to situational inquiries as clearly and objectively as possible.
Furthermore, data collection procedures. The author researched literature in the field of translation to have a background on the basic words that make up the body of knowledge in this study. Then, content analysis was studied based on the data which was gathered from the surveys and the interviews.
In summary, the goal of this method is to present and describe data collection equipment, data collection procedures, data processing, and statistical treatment inductively. Furthermore, the study group's demographic and sample are stated quite clearly. The main goal of this survey is to discover the most common difficulties made by English students and to examine the most common causes from the interviewees.
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