particular class of microcontrollers, yet chances are that after
mastering this you will find migration to other devices quite a
bliss. This manual has been written specifically as a companion to
our PIC-Lab-II a microcontroller development board.
These small devices have revolutionized the world of electronics. Today microcontrollers are everywhere,
think of a device and you will find a microcontroller somewhere in it. May it be your remote control, air
conditioner, microwave oven, DVD player, television or cell phone all have a microcontroller sitting inside.
These small devices can do so much, that only imagination is the limit. Moreover they are very simple to
use, you don't need to be an expert in electronics to use them in your next project. A basic understanding of
electronics, and digital circuits is all that is required to get started. Once you are in the business, sky is the
limit. Think of any logical application and you will find microcontroller handling the job nicely.
Industrial automation including automatic assembly lines, robots and quality control systems all are backed
by some kind of microcontroller.
What is a Microcontroller?
So exactly what is a microcontroller or a microprocessor? This is the question which needs to be clarified
before putting the heads down. As a hobbyist or as a student of electronics you must have come across a
number of integrated circuits. These are small devices, with lots of circuitry inside them, having few con-
nections for external communication. However all these integrated circuits differ from each other, in terms
of function. The circuit inside an integrated circuit, may it be digital or analog, is purpose designed. Like
555, a very popular timing IC, has all the necessary circuitry inside to make various types of oscillators.
Similarly a 7447 is a binary to 7-segment decoder, and has input pins to accept binary coded decimal
(BCD) number, the output pins will then turn on and off accordingly to display the number on a 7-segment
display. So on an so forth, you come across hundreds and thousands of ICs with specific functions. In order
to get an application work, you must know specifically the function, input and output requirements of the
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