Improving the Bio-Oil Quality via Effective Pyrolysis/Deoxygenation of Palm Kernel Cake over a Metal (Cu, Ni, or Fe)-Doped Carbon Catalyst
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Cao Hoàng Anh 19447561
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α α α − + ⃗ − + (3) (1 )Me O C (1 )CO(1 )Me O C (1 )CO 2 2 2 2 α α α α − − + − ⃗ − − + − (4) overall reaction: C H OH (1 )CO (2 1)CO 2 2 2 α α α + ⃗ + − + − (5) As shown in Table S5 , the main ash compositions of palm kernel cake were K 2 O and CaO or AAEM species. As is known, the presence of AAEM promoted the in situ production of H 2 during biomass pyrolysis, leading to strong enhancement of deoxygenation, especially for the hydrodeoxygenation reaction. That was why the hydrocarbon yield increased to some extent when the spent catalyst was reused in the bio-oil upgrading process. 3. CONCLUSIONS Upgrading bio-oil derived from palm kernel cake pyrolysis was achieved by using metal (Cu, Ni, and Fe)-loaded activated carbon catalysts. A maximum bio-oil yield of 60.1% was obtained under optimum conditions determined via statistical analysis. It should be noted that the operation cost for ultrasonic pretreatment was still quite high, but it is strongly required for application on a larger scale such as in industrial plants because the bio-oil yield increased up to 10 −20%, which could reduce the running time for the production process. The introduction of a transition metal on activated carbon resulted in the regeneration of new acid sites, which was useful for deoxygenation reactions. The 15%Ni-carbon catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity for the conversion of oxygenated Figure 7. Reaction pathways for catalytic pyrolysis/deoxygenation of biomass into bio-oils with rich aromatic hydrocarbons. Figure 8. Reusability of 15%Ni −carbon, zeolite, and alumina for catalytic deoxygenation of bio-oil from WPKC pyrolysis. ACS Omega http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf Article https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02999 ACS Omega 2021, 6, 20006−20014 20011 compounds to hydrocarbons. The PAH selectivity increased with the Ni loading amount. The catalyst could be reused for five cycles with a slight reduction in the hydrocarbon yield. Overall, this research provided a clean strategy for sustainable production of a stable catalyst and bio-oil with high quality from waste biomass feedstock, which could be applied to replace fossil fuels, leading to a signi ficant reduction of CO 2 emission causing the greenhouse e ffect and thereby global warming. It is also expected that such a green/cheap catalyst could be further developed for achieving a cleaner process. 4. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 4.1. Pretreatment of Biomass Feedstock. WPKC collected from Thailand was utilized as a biomass milled to tải về 7.82 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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