§éng tõ têng thuËt lµ Say th× ph¶i ®æi thµnh Ask , Inquire , Wonder hoÆc Want to know ...
VÝ dô :
- " What is the weather like?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo?") ---> She asked
me what the weather was like (C« ta hái t«i thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo)
- " What shall I do first, mother?", he said (H¾n nãi : "MÑ ¬i, con sÏ lµm g× tríc tiªn?") ---> He asked his mother what he should do first (H¾n hái mÑ h¾n xem sÏ lµm g× tríc tiªn).
- " When will they help me?", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khi nµo hä sÏ gióp t«i?") ---> She inquired
when they would help her (C« ta hái khi nµo hä sÏ gióp c« ta).
-
NÕu c©u hái trùc tiÕp kh«ng b¾t ®Çu b»ng Who , What , How , When , Where hoÆcWhy , c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp sÏ b¾t ®Çu b»ng If hoÆc Whether .
VÝ dô :
- " Are you Hoa?", I said to her (T«i b¶o c« ta : "C« lµ Hoa ph¶i kh«ng?") ---> I asked her if she was Hoa (T«i hái c« ta xem c« ta cã ph¶i lµ Hoa hay kh«ng).
- "Can you speak French?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Anh nãi ®îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng?") ---> She asked me if / whether I could speak French (C« ta hái t«i nãi ®îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng).
- "Did anybody see me?", he said to me (H¾n b¶o t«i : "Cã ai nh×n thÊy t«i hay kh«ng?") ---> He asked me if / whether anybody had seen him (H¾n hái t«i cã ai nh×n thÊy h¾n hay kh«ng).
- "Mary, are there many people in this room?", they said (Hä b¶o : "Mary, cã nhiÒu ngêi trong phßng nµy hay kh«ng?") ---> They asked Mary if / whether there were many people in that room (Hä hái Mary xem cã nhiÒu ngêi trong phßng ®ã hay kh«ng).
§Æc biÖt
T¬ng tù, ta còng ®æi ®îc c©u c¶m th¸n trùc tiÕp thµnh c©u c¶m th¸n gi¸n tiÕp.
VÝ dô :
- "How well she sings!", they said (Hä nãi : "C« ta h¸t hay qu¸ ! ") ---> They exclaimed that she sang very well (Hä thèt lªn r»ng c« ta h¸t hay qu¸).
- "What a picturesque garden! ", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khu vên thËt th¬ méng! ") ---> She exclaimed that it was a picturesque garden (C« ta thèt lªn r»ng ®óng lµ mét khu vên th¬ méng).
ChuyÓn tõ c©u mÖnh lÖnh trùc tiÕp sangc©u mÖnh lÖnh gi¸n tiÕp
-
§éng tõ têng thuËt thêng dïng lµ Tell (b¶o) , Ask (yªu cÇu) , Advise (khuyªn), Warn (c¨n dÆn), Order (Ra lÖnh), Remind (Nh¾c) ...
VÝ dô :
- "Open the door! ", he said to the doorkeeper (¤ng ta b¶o ngêi g¸c cöa : "Më cöa ra !") ---> He told / ordered the doorkeeper to open the door (¤ng ta b¶o/ra lÖnh cho ngêi g¸c cöa më cöa ra).
- "Don't make any spelling mistake!", they said to the examinees (Hä b¶o c¸c thÝ sinh : "§õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶! ") ---> They asked / advised the examinees not to make any spelling mistake (Hä yªu cÇu/khuyªn c¸c thÝ sinh ®õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶).
- "Don't forget to feed the dogs! ", Ann said to the servant (Ann b¶o ngêi gióp viÖc : "§õng quªn cho chã ¨n nhÐ!") ---> Ann reminded the servant to feed the dogs (Ann nh¾c ngêi gióp viÖc cho chã ¨n).
- "Lan, drive carefully! ", I said (T«i nãi : "Lan, h·y l¸i xe cÈn thËn!") ---> I told / warned Lan to drive carefully (T«i b¶o/c¨n dÆn Lan l¸i xe cÈn thËn).
LIEN TU
TONG QUAN E LT
-
Lµ mét lo¹i tõ kh«ng biÕn ®æi, Liªn tõ cã c«ng dông :
a) Nèi hai tõ cïng mét chøc n¨ng trong mét mÖnh ®Ò
b) Nèi hai mÖnh ®Ò cïng mét chøc n¨ng trong mét c©u, hoÆc hai c©u riªng biÖt nhau
c) Nèi mÖnh ®Ò phô (Subordinate Clause) víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh (Main Clause) trong mét c©u
-
Liªn tõ trong trêng hîp a vµ b lµ Liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-ordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh And , Or , But , Yet , Still , However , Therefore , Nevertheless , Neither ... nor , Not only... but also , Both ... and , So , Otherwise ... Liªn tõ trong trêng hîpc lµ Liªn tõ phô thuéc (Subordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh That , Because , For , So that , If , When , After , Unless , Provided that , Though ...
VD VE LIEN TU KET HOP
1) I live with my brothers and sisters
(T«i sèng víi anh t«i vµ chÞ t«i)
2) She came in and sat down
(C« ta ®i vµo vµ ngåi xuèng)
3) This restaurant serves cheap but excellent food
(Nhµ hµng nµy phôc vô thøc ¨n rÎ nhng ngon tuyÖt)
4) My father likes traditional music, but my mother doesn't
(Cha t«i thÝch ©m nh¹c cæ truyÒn, nhng mÑ t«i th× kh«ng)
5) Is the baby a boy or a girl?
(§øa bÐ lµ trai hay g¸i?)
6) You can walk up or take a bus
(B¹n cã thÓ ®i bé hoÆc ®i xe bóyt)
7) We have neither time nor money for concerts
(T«i ch¼ng cã thêi giê mµ còng ch¼ng cã tiÒn ®Ó ®i nghe nh¹c)
8) Not only men but also women appear in that casino
(Kh«ng nh÷ng ®µn «ng mµ c¶ ®µn bµ còng xuÊt hiÖn trong sßng b¹c Êy)
9) Both his brother and sister are unmarried
(C¶ anh lÉn chÞ nã ®Òu cßn ®éc th©n)
10) He worked hard, yet he failed in his finals
(Nã häc hµnh ch¨m chØ, vËy mµ nã vÉn trît kú thi tèt nghiÖp)
11) They've behaved badly towards you; still, they are your intimate friends and you should help them
(Hä ®èi xö tÖ víi anh; tuy nhiªn, hä vÉn lµ b¹n th©n cña anh vµ anh nªn gióp hä)
12) I shall invite Hoa to dinner. However, she may not accept my invitation
(T«i sÏ mêi Hoa ®i ¨n tèi. Tuy nhiªn, cã thÓ c« ta kh«ng nhËn lêi mêi cña t«i)
13) There was no letter of introduction; nevertheless we came there
(Ch¼ng cã giÊy giíi thiÖu g× c¶, song chóng t«i vÉn ®Õn ®ã)
14) They always get up late, so we cannot wait for them
(Hä lu«n dËy muén, nªn chóng t«i kh«ng thÓ ®îi hä)
15) Put on your raincoat; otherwise you'll catch cold
(H·y mÆc ¸o ma vµo; nÕu kh«ng, b¹n sÏ bÞ c¶m l¹nh)
VD VE MENH DE PHU
1) Everyone thinks that it is going to rain
(Mäi ngêi ®Òu nghÜ r»ng trêi s¾p ma)
2) They didn't acknowledge that they had been defeated by the revolutionary army
(Hä ch¼ng thõa nhËn r»ng hä ®· bÞ qu©n ®éi c¸ch m¹ng ®¸nh b¹i)
Lu ý Cã thÓ bá That nÕu That nghÜa lµ R»ng .
3) I watched her as she was making herself up
(T«i ng¾m c« ta khi c« ta ®ang trang trang ®iÓm)
4) As he grew older, he took more interest in reading
(Khi «ng ta cµng giµ, «ng ta cµng mª ®äc s¸ch)
5) It's ages since I left this quiet town
(§· qua bao n¨m th¸ng tõ khi t«i gi· tõ thÞ trÊn yªn tÜnh nµy)
6) I have been lovesick since I saw her again
(T«i m¾c chøng t¬ng t tõ khi gÆp l¹i c« ta)
7) Don't forget to turn off the lights before you leave home
(§õng quªn t¾t ®Ìn tríc khi ra khái nhµ)
8) We arrived when it was raining
(Chóng t«i ®Õn khi trêi ®ang ma)
9) He fell asleep while his parents were saying their prayers
(Nã ngñ gËt trong lóc bè mÑ nã ®ang cÇu kinh )
10) I shall go with you as soon as I have finished my homework
(T«i sÏ ®i víi anh ngay khi t«i lµm xong bµi tËp ë nhµ)
11) Let's wait till the rain stops
(Chóng ta h·y ®îi ®Õn khi ma t¹nh)
12) He had no sooner drunk wine than he began to vomit
(H¾n võa uèng rîu vµo lµ n«n möa ngay)
13) As you are strong in French, you'd better translate this document
(V× anh giái tiÕng Ph¸p, anh nªn dÞch tµi liÖu nµy)
14) As it rains cats and dogs, we resign ourselves to staying at home
(Do trêi ma nh trót níc, chóng t«i ®µnh ph¶i ë nhµ)
15) Since his child has a high fever, he cannot go to work
(V× con anh ta bÞ sèt cao, anh ta kh«ng ®i lµm ®îc)
16) Since this phrase has more than eight characters, we cannot use it as a password
(Do côm tõ nµy dµi qu¸ t¸m ký tù, ta kh«ng thÓ dïng nã lµm mËt khÈu)
17) They have nothing to eat, for their parents have been out of work
(Chóng ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n, v× bè mÑ chóng ®· thÊt nghiÖp)
18) Because the water had risen, the troops couldn't cross the river
(Do níc s«ng ®· d©ng cao, binh lÝnh kh«ng vît s«ng ®îc)
19) The old mendicant went away because nobody gave him money
(L·o hµnh khÊt bá ®i v× ch¼ng ai cho tiÒn)
20) Why did you do it? - I did it just because I flew into a temper
(T¹i sao anh lµm ®iÒu ®ã? - T«i lµm ®iÒu ®ã chØ v× qu¸ giËn d÷)
21) He stole not because he wanted money, but because he liked stealing
(H¾n ¨n c¾p kh«ng ph¶i v× cÇn tiÒn, mµ v× h¾n thÝch ¨n c¾p)
Lu ý
-
Liªn tõ As vµ Since thêng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u ®Ó chØ nguyªn nh©n.
-
Liªn tõ For kh«ng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u. Because thay cho For khi tr¶ lêi c©u hái vµ khi theo sau Not, But hoÆc Just ...
22) Please bring it nearer that I may see it better
(Lµm ¬n ®a c¸i ®ã l¹i gÇn ®Ó t«i thÊy râ h¬n)
23) Light the lamp that he read the letter
(H·y th¾p ®Ìn lªn ®Ó «ng Êy ®äc bøc th)
24) The workers got up early in order that their boss wouldn't tell them off
(C¸c c«ng nh©n dËy sím ®Ó «ng chñ khái m¾ng hä)
25) The contract is written in English and Chinese so that foreign partners can understand it
(B¶n hîp ®ång viÕt b»ng tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Hoa ®Ó c¸c ®èi t¸c níc ngoµi cã thÓ hiÓu ®îc)
26) I speak slowly so that you would understand me through and through
(T«i nãi chËm ®Ó anh hiÓu hÕt ý t«i)
27) I have kept some cans of grapefruit juice in the fridge in case we get thirsty
(T«i ®· tr÷ s½n vµi lon níc nho trong tñ l¹nh ®Ó phßng khi kh¸t)
28) He ran away lest someone should recognize him
(H¾n ch¹y biÕn ®i v× sî r»ng cã ngêi nhËn ra h¾n)
29) You delivered such a lengthy speech that nobody was patient enough to listen to you
(Anh ®äc mét bµi diÔn v¨n dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh)
30) How could he be so stupid as to believe his boastful friends?
(Sao nã l¹i ngèc ®Õn nçi tin vµo nh÷ng ®øa b¹n kho¸c l¸c?)
31) This man ate so many cakes that he suffered from indigestion
(Ngêi ®µn «ng nµy ¨n nhiÒu b¸nh ®Õn nçi bÞ ®Çy bông)
32) He drank so much beer that he couldn't find his way home
(¤ng ta uèng nhiÒu bia ®Õn nçi kh«ng biÕt ®êng vÒ nhµ)
33) So many people protested that the hypocrite had to shut up
(Cã nhiÒu ngêi ph¶n ®èi ®Õn nçi kÎ gi¶ nh©n gi¶ nghÜa ph¶i c©m måm)
34) He showed so much concern about politics that people took him to be a future leader
(H¾n quan t©m ®Õn chÝnh trÞ ®Õn nçi ngêi ta tëng h¾n lµ mét l·nh tô t¬ng lai)
35) His speech was so lengthy that nobody was patient enough to listen to him
(Bµi diÔn v¨n cña anh ta dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh ta)
36) The thief ran so fast that nobody could catch him
(Tªn trém ch¹y nhanh ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai tãm ®îc h¾n)
37) Elderly as they are, they exercise twice a day
(Tuy ®· lín tuæi, hä vÉn tËp thÓ dôc hai lÇn mçi ngµy)
38) Impertinent as he is, he always holds his parents in high regard
(Dï xÊc l¸o ®Õn ®©u, h¾n vÉn lu«n kÝnh träng bè mÑ h¾n)
39) However talented you are, you remain fallible
(Dï tµi giái ®Õn ®©u, anh vÉn cã thÓ ph¹m sai lÇm)
40) I cannot help blaming her though she is my only daughter
(T«i kh«ng thÓ kh«ng tr¸ch nã dï nã lµ con g¸i duy nhÊt cña t«i)
41) Although my uncle was only an amateur photographer, he won first prize
(Dï chØ lµ nhµ nhiÕp ¶nh nghiÖp d, chó t«i vÉn ®¹t gi¶i nhÊt)
42) I like them even though they may be my future opponents
(T«i vÉn thÝch hä dï cã thÓ hä sÏ lµ ®èi thñ cña t«i trong t¬ng lai)
43) She refused to switch off the radio even if her husband was flying into a temper
(Bµ ta vÉn cha chÞu t¾t m¸y thu thanh dï chång bµ ta ®ang næi c¬n thÞnh né)
44) Why didn't you tighten the screw as I told you to?
(T¹i sao anh kh«ng siÕt chÆt ®inh èc nh t«i ®· b¶o anh?)
45) Leave the fingerprints as they are (H·y ®Ó nguyªn c¸c dÊu v©n tay)
46) It's just as I thought (§iÒu ®ã ®óng nh t«i nghÜ)
47) The hyprocrite behaves as if nobody equalled him in virtue
(KÎ ®¹o ®øc gi¶ c xö nh thÓ kh«ng ai s¸nh næi víi h¾n vÒ ®øc h¹nh)
48) Lynn suddenly went pale as if she were about to faint
(Lynn bçng t¸i nhît nh thÓ s¾p xØu)
49) They talk as though they knew each other for ages
(Hä chuyÖn trß nh thÓ biÕt nhau l©u l¾m råi)
50) If I pass my exams, my parents will be very happy
(NÕu t«i thi ®ç, bè mÑ t«i sÏ rÊt sung síng)
51) You will get a good seat, provided you come first
(Anh sÏ kiÕm ®îc chç ngåi ®µng hoµng, miÔn lµ anh ®Õn tríc tiªn)
52) Supposing it rains, can we come back safe and sound?
(Gi¶ sö trêi ma, chóng ta cã thÓ trë vÒ b×nh an v« sù hay kh«ng?)
53) You'll fail in mathematics unless you attend tutorial classes
(B¹n sÏ trît m«n to¸n, trõ phi b¹n cã häc phô ®¹o)
SO DEM
1 ---> One (mét)
2 ---> Two (hai)
3 ---> Three (ba)
4 ---> Four (bèn)
5 ---> Five (n¨m)
6 ---> Six (s¸u)
7 ---> Seven (b¶y)
8 ---> Eight (t¸m)
9 ---> Nine (chÝn)
10 --> Ten (mêi)
11 --> Eleven (mêi mét)
12 --> Twelve (mêi hai)
13 --> Thirteen (mêi ba)
14 --> Fourteen (mêi bèn)
15 --> Fifteen (mêi l¨m)
16 --> Sixteen (mêi s¸u)
17 --> Seventeen (mêi b¶y)
18 --> Eighteen (mêi t¸m)
19 --> Nineteen (mêi chÝn)
20 --> Twenty (hai m¬i)
21 --> Twenty-one (hai m¬i mèt)
22 --> Twenty-two (hai m¬i hai)
23 --> Twenty-three (hai m¬i ba)
24 --> Twenty-four (hai m¬i bèn)
25 --> Twenty-five (hai m¬i l¨m)
26 --> Twenty-six (hai m¬i s¸u)
27 --> Twenty-seven (hai m¬i b¶y)
28 --> Twenty-eight (hai m¬i t¸m)
29 --> Twenty-nine (hai m¬i chÝn)
30 --> Thirty (ba m¬i)
31 --> Thirty-one (ba m¬i mèt)
40 --> Forty (bèn m¬i)
50 --> Fifty (n¨m m¬i)
60 --> Sixty (s¸u m¬i)
70 --> Seventy (b¶y m¬i)
80 --> Eighty (t¸m m¬i)
90 --> Ninety (chÝn m¬i)
100 ---> A hundred (mét tr¨m)
1000 ---> A thousand (mét ngh×n)
1,000,000 ---> A million (mét triÖu)
400 ---> Four hundred (bèn tr¨m)
140 ---> A hundred and forty (mét tr¨m bèn m¬i)
525 ---> Five hundred and twenty-five (n¨m tr¨m hai m¬i l¨m)
1,101 ---> One thousand, one hundred and one (mét ngh×n mét tr¨m lÎ mét)
3,200 ---> Three thousand, two hundred (ba ngh×n hai tr¨m)
7,000 ---> Seven thousand (b¶y ngh×n)
450,259 ---> Four hundred and fifty thousand, two hundred and fifty-nine (bèn tr¨m n¨m m¬i ngh×n hai tr¨m n¨m m¬i chÝn)
809,000,000 ---> Eight hundred and nine million (t¸m tr¨m lÎ chÝn triÖu)
Lu ý
- Five hundred men (n¨m tr¨m ngêi), nhng Hundreds of people (hµng tr¨m ngêi)
- Eight thousand pounds (t¸m ngh×n b¶ng), nhng Thousands of pounds (hµng ngh×n b¶ng)
- Four dozen eggs (bèn t¸ trøng), nhng Dozens of times (hµng chôc lÇn)
- 6.6 ®äc lµ "Six point six" (s¸u phÈy s¸u)
- 14.65 ®äc lµ "Fourteen point six five" (mêi bèn phÈy s¸u m¬i l¨m)
- 0.5 ®äc lµ "Nought point five" (kh«ng phÈy n¨m)
- 9.09 ®äc lµ "Nine point nought nine" (chÝn phÈy kh«ng chÝn)
SO THU TU
First (thø nhÊt)
Second (thø hai)
Third (thø ba)
Fourth (thø t)
Fifth (thø n¨m)
Sixth (thø s¸u)
Seventh (thø b¶y)
Eighth (thø t¸m)
Ninth (thø chÝn)
Tenth (thø mêi)
Eleventh (thø mêi mét)
Twelfth (thø mêi hai)
Thirteenth (thø mêi ba)
Fourteenth (thø mêi bèn)
Fifteenth (thø mêi l¨m)
Sixteenth (thø mêi s¸u)
Seventeenth (thø mêi b¶y)
Eighteenth (thø mêi t¸m)
Nineteenth (thø mêi chÝn)
Twentieth (thø hai m¬i)
Twenty-first ( thø hai m¬i mèt)
Twenty-second (thø hai m¬i hai)
Twenty-third (thø hai m¬i ba)
Twenty-fourth (thø hai m¬i bèn)
Twenty-fifth (thø hai m¬i l¨m)
Twenty-sixth (thø hai m¬i s¸u)
Twenty-seventh (thø hai m¬i b¶y)
Twenty-eighth (thø hai m¬i t¸m)
Twenty-ninth (thø hai m¬i chÝn)
Thirtieth (thø ba m¬i)
Thirty-first (thø ba m¬i mèt)
Fortieth (thø bèn m¬i)
Fiftieth (thø n¨m m¬i)
Sixtieth (thø s¸u m¬i)
Seventieth (thø b¶y m¬i)
Eightieth (thø t¸m m¬i)
Ninetieth (thø chÝn m¬i)
Hundredth (thø mét tr¨m)
Thousandth (thø mét ngh×n)
Millionth (thø mét triÖu)
Lu ý
- 1/5 ®äc lµ A /one fifth & 3/5 ®äc lµ Three fifths &
- 1/8 ®äc lµ A /one eighth & 5/10 ®äc lµ Five tenths .
- 4 1/4 kilos ®äc lµ Two and a quarter kilos .
- 1/2 gi©y ®äc lµ Half a second , nhng 1/4 gi©y ®äc lµ A quarter of a second .
- Five (sè ®Õm) --> Fifth (sè thø tù) & Eight (sè ®Õm) --> Eighth (sè thø tù) & Nine (sè ®Õm) --> Ninth (sè thø tù) & Twelve (sè ®Õm) --> Twelfth (sè thø tù).
- First = 1st & Second = 2 nd & Third = 3 rd & Fourth = 4 th. Ch¼ng h¹n, Forty-first viÕt lµ 41st & Seventy-second viÕt lµ 72 nd & Ninety-third viÕt lµ 93 rd.
- Tríc sè thø tù thêng cã The. Ch¼ng h¹n, The hundredth anniversary of the poet's death (lÔ kû niÖm lÇn thø mét tr¨m ngµy mÊt cña thi sÜ), The first three weeks (ba tuÇn ®Çu tiªn), The fifty-seventh passenger (hµnh kh¸ch thø 57)
NGAY THANG
B¶y ngµy trong tuÇn
Sunday (Sun.) (Chñ NhËt)
Monday (Mon.) (Thø Hai)
Tuesday (Tues.) (Thø Ba)
Wednesday (Wed.) (Thø T)
Thursday (Thurs.) (Thø N¨m)
Friday (Fri.) (Thø S¸u)
Saturday (Sat.) (Thø B¶y)
Mêi hai th¸ng trong n¨m
January (Jan.) (Th¸ng Giªng)
February (Feb.) (Th¸ng Hai)
March (Mar.) (Th¸ng Ba)
April (Apr.) (Th¸ng T)
May (Th¸ng N¨m)
June (Th¸ng S¸u)
July (Th¸ng B¶y)
August (Aug.) (Th¸ng T¸m)
September (Sept.) (Th¸ng ChÝn)
October (Oct.) (Th¸ng Mêi)
November (Nov.) (Th¸ng Mêi Mét)
December (Dec.) (Th¸ng Mêi Hai)
Lu ý
-
Ngµy ®îc viÕt b»ng nhiÒu c¸ch. Ch¼ng h¹n, ngµy 16/10 ®äc lµ The sixteenth of October & October the sixteenth vµ viÕt lµOctober 16 & 16 October & 16th of October &October 16th & 16th October & October the 16th .
-
N¨m 1998 ®äc lµ Nineteen hundred and ninety-eight hoÆc Nineteen ninety-eight .
-
BC (Before Christ) nghÜa lµ tríc C«ng nguyªn , cßn AD (Anno Domini) nghÜa lµ sau C«ng nguyªn .
QUI TAC CHINH TA
1) GÊp ®«i phô ©m
a) §èi víi tõ ®¬n ©m tiÕt cã cÊu tróc tèi ®a ba phô ©m + mét nguyªn ©m + mét phô ©m, ta gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi khi ghÐp thªm mét hËu tè b¾t ®Çu b»ng nguyªn ©m.
VÝ dô:
Step + ing = Stepping
Split + ing = Splitting
Run + er = Runner
Gun + er = Gunner
Shop + ing = Shopping
Tuy nhiªn, nÕu phô ©m cuèi lµ w, x hoÆc y th× kh«ng gÊp ®«i phô ©m nh trªn.
VÝ dô:
Bow + ed = Bowed
Bay + ing = Baying
Box + ing = Boxing
b) §èi víi tõ hai hoÆc ba ©m tiÕt mµ ©m tiÕt cuèi lµ mét phô ©m + mét nguyªn ©m + mét phô ©m (nhÊt lµ khi träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt cuèi), ta còng gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi.
VÝ dô:
Admit + ed = Admitted
Begin + er = Beginner
Recur + ing = Recurring
Refer + ed = Referred
Occur +ed = Occurred
Handicap + ed = Handicapped
Worship + ed = Worshipped
Nhng
Murmur --->Murmuring , Murmured
Shelter ---> Sheltered , Sheltering
Utter ---> Uttered , Uttering
Answer + ing = Answered , Answering
Limit ---> Limited, Limiting
Budget ---> Budgeting
Focus + ed ---> Focussed hoÆc Focused
Bias + ed ---> Biassed hoÆc Biased
c) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét nguyªn ©m (hoÆc hai nguyªn ©m ®äc rêi nhau) + l, ta còng gÊp ®«i l.
VÝ dô:
Appal + ed = Appalled
Cruel + ly = Cruelly
Fuel + ing = Fuelling
Signal + er = Signaller
§«i khi ngêi Mü viÕt Modeler , Labeling , Traveler , Funneling , Signaler , Duelist , Fueling ... Tuy nhiªn, hä vÉn gÊp ®«i l khi träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt cuèi, ch¼ng h¹n nh Repel + ed = Repelled , Rebel + ing = Rebelling .
2) Tõ tËn cïng b»ng e
a) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét phô ©m + e, ta bá e khi thªm hËu tè vµo.
VÝ dô:
Use +able = Usable
Move + able = Movable
Remove + er = Remover
Love + er = Lover
Strike + er = Striker
Thrive +ing = Thriving
Nhng
Dye + ing = Dyeing
Singe + ing = Singeing
Age + ing = Ageing hoÆc Aging
b) E kh«ng mÊt ®i khi hËu tè b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.
VÝ dô:
Manage + ment = Management
Infringe + ment = Infringement
Deliberate + ly = Deliberately
Polite + ly = Politely
Spite + ful = Spiteful
Peace + ful = Peaceful
Forgive + ness = Forgiveness
Nhng
Probable + ly = Probably
Visible + ly = Visibly
Argue + ment = Argument
Due + ly = Duly
True + ly = Truly
Whole + ly = Wholly
Judge + ment = Judgement hoÆc Judgment
c) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ee, ta còng kh«ng bá ee khi thªm hËu tè.
VÝ dô:
Disagree ---> Disagreed , Disagreeing , Disagreement , Disagreeable
Free ---> Freed , Freeing , Freedom , Freeman
d) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ge, ta còng kh«ng bá e khi thªm hËu tè ous.
VÝ dô:
Courage + ous = Courageous
Outrage + ous = Outrageous
e) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ge hoÆc ce, ta còng kh«ng bá e khi thªm hËu tè able.
VÝ dô:
Enforce + able = Enforceable
Service + able = Serviceable
Knowledge + able = Knowledgeable
Manage + able = Manageable
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