English and Vietnamese noun phrases Running head: english and vietnamese noun phrase
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| The particle CÁI (focus marker): In Vietnamese noun phrase, the particle CÁI occurs before the head noun and can intervene between a numeral (if there is one) and the classifier or a measure phrase. It may be preceded by other pre-noun modifiers such as quantifiers, numerals, and articles. It must always co-occur with a classifier as in “ hai CÁI cuốn sách kia ” or “hai CÁI ấm trà này”
The particle CÁI is sometimes mistaken with the homonymous classifier “cái, but it’s different from classifier cái as well as other classifiers in term of distribution and function. When the particle CÁI precedes a count noun, the use of a classifier is obligatory, as shown in (a). However, the particle CÁI cannot be used before the homonymous classifier as shown in (b)
The two above examples are grammatical but its’ ungrammatical if we say “hai CÁI chó này” It can go with any kind of nouns which classifiers cannot such as mass-denoting nouns and unclassified nouns as shown in (a) and (b) respectively.
The particle CÁI can also follow the articles “những”, “các” , “một” as in “những CÁI cuốn sách kia” , “ các CÁI đất đai này” , or “một CÁI thùng” CÁI serves as a formal device to signal that there is a focus in the NP so the use of a noun in the NP is obligatory. “CÁI” often occurs with NPs that contain a post-nominal modifier such as demonstratives for definite interpretation as shown below
Vietnamese quantifiers are words that can occur within a noun phrase before a head noun (with or without a classifier). Quantifiers include a class of lexical word which indicates some quantity and distribution. Estimated quantity: mấy, vài, dăm, mươi lăm Distribution: mọi, mỗi, từng, tất cả, toàn bộ,…. Some quantifiers can combine directly with any nouns as shown in (a), (b) such as tất cả, toàn bộ, tổng thể, ít, nhiều whereas others require the use of an intermediate classifier as in (c) such as mọi, mỗi, từng mấy, vài. In that case, the quantifiers precede the classifier:
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