school, or as a practicing professional), though in today's saturated academic market many
doctorate-holders seek to earn a living from several adjunct jobs (to the advantage of institutions,
which do not typically offer such faculty retirement/health benefits or long-term contracts). At
some institutions, the job title Part-time Lecturer (PTL) is used instead.
Although "Professor" is often the highest rank attained
by a senior faculty member, some
institutions may offer a unique title to a senior faculty member whose research or publications
have achieved wide recognition. This may be a "named professorship" or "named chair" – for
example, the "John Doe Professor of Philosophy". Named chairs typically but not exclusively
include a small discretionary fund from an endowment set aside for the recipient's use. Large
research universities also offer a small fraction of tenured faculty the title of "Distinguished
Professor", "Distinguished Teaching Professor", or "Distinguished Research Professor" to
recognize outstanding contributions. Some universities have as their highest rank
"University/Institute Professor"; such faculty members are not usually
answerable to deans or
department heads and may report directly to the university provost.
In research, faculty who direct a lab or research group may in certain research contexts (e.g., grant
applications) be called Principal Investigator, or P.I., though this refers to their management role
and is not usually thought of as an academic rank.
Excepting special ranks (such as endowed chairs), academic rank is dependent upon the
promotion process of each college or university. Thus, a tenured associate professor at one
institution might accept a "lower" position at another university (i.e., an assistant professorship)
because of its connection to the "tenure track." In some cases, an assistant professor who accepts a
position of similar rank at another university may negotiate "time towards tenure", which indicates
a shorter
required probationary period, usually in recognition of prior academic achievements.
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