W hen you walk into a store, you are confronted with thousands of goods that



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Principles of Economics, 7th ed - Mankiw, N. Gregory文档提取20231108134744

Right Shoes
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Shoes
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(b) Perfect Complements
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perfect complements
two goods with right-
angle indifference curves
65875_ch21_ptg01_433-460.indd 441
15/10/13 11:53 AM
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442 PART VII 
tOpICS FOr FUrther StUDY
21-3 
Optimization: What the Consumer Chooses
Quick Quiz
Draw some indifference curves for pizza and Pepsi. Explain the four prop-
erties of these indifference curves.
The goal of this chapter is to understand how a consumer makes choices. We have 
the two pieces necessary for this analysis: the consumer’s budget constraint (how 
much she can afford to spend) and the consumer’s preferences (what she wants to 
spend it on). Now we put these two pieces together and consider the consumer’s 
decision about what to buy.
21-3a 
The Consumer’s Optimal Choices
Consider once again our pizza and Pepsi example. The consumer would like to 
end up with the best possible combination of pizza and Pepsi for her—that is, 
the combination on her highest possible indifference curve. But the consumer 
must also end up on or below her budget constraint, which measures the total 
resources available to her.
Figure 6 shows the consumer’s budget constraint and three of her many indif-
ference curves. The highest indifference curve that the consumer can reach (I
2
in 
the figure) is the one that just barely touches her budget constraint. The point 
at which this indifference curve and the budget constraint touch is called the 
optimum. The consumer would prefer point A, but she cannot afford that point 
because it lies above her budget constraint. The consumer can afford point B, but 
that point is on a lower indifference curve and, therefore, provides the consumer 
less satisfaction. The optimum represents the best combination of pizza and Pepsi 
available to the consumer.
Notice that, at the optimum, the slope of the indifference curve equals the 
slope of the budget constraint. We say that the indifference curve is tangent to 
the budget constraint. The slope of the indifference curve is the marginal rate of 

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