SỞ gd- đt vĩnh phúc trưỜng thpt liễn sơN

The Sun today is a yellow dwarf (lùn) star. It is fueled by thermonuclear (hạt nhân nóng) reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium. The Sun has existed in its present state for about four billion six hundred million years and is thousands of times larger than the Earth. By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the Sun’s life will be like. About five billion years from now, the core of the Sun will shrink (co lại) and become hotter. The surface temperature will fall. The higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of thermonuclear reactions. The outer regions of the Sun will expand approximately 35 million miles, about the distance to Mercury, which is the closest planet to the Sun. The Sun will then be a red giant star. Temperatures on the Earth will become too high for life to exist. Once the Sun has used up its thermonuclear energy as a red giant, it will begin to shrink. After it shrinks to the size of the Earth, it will become a white dwarf star. The Sun may throw off huge amounts of gases in violent eruptions called nova explosions as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf. After billions of years as a white dwarf, the Sun will have used up all its fuel and will have lost its heat. Such a star is called a black dwarf. After the Sun has become a black dwarf, the Earth will be dark and cold. If any atmosphere remains there, it will have frozen over the Earth’s surface.

How men first learnt to (51)______ words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a (52)______. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, (53)______ invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed (54)______ certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. These sounds, (55)______ spoken or written in letters, are called words. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words that (56)______ powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary (57)______. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can (58)______ his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can (59)______ men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully, (60)______ they will make our speech silly and vulgar.

The heart has long been considered to be (61)______ feelings of love dwell (trú ngụ). In love songs throughout the ages, love almost always goes together (62)______ the heart. The heart has continuously been viewed (63)______ the place where love begins and develops. Even the Bible gives (64)______ to love and the heart. The role of the heart in love must come from what happens to it when a person feels strongly (65)______ to someone. The strong feelings (66)______ the other person, especially in the early stages of a relationship, have the results that the heart starts beating faster and breathing starts speeding (67)__(up)__. According to psychologists, a love relationship is a situation that (68)__(involves)__ a lot of stress and the body reacts to this by getting ready to face the unknown. This has been called the "fight or flight" (69)_(reaction)__, meeting danger by fighting it or running away. So with love, the heart accelerates and (70)_(breathing)_ becomes quick.

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Probably the most famous film commenting on the twentieth-century technology is Modern Times, made in 1936. Charlie Chaplin was motivated to make the film by a reporter who, while interviewing him, happened to describe the working conditions in industrial Detroit. Chaplin was told that healthy young farm boys were lured (dỗ dành) to the city to work on automotive assembly lines (CN ô tô). Within four or five years, these young men’s health was destroyed by the stress of work in the factories. The film opens with a shot of a mass of sheep making their way down a crowded ramp. Abruptly (bỗng nhiên), the film shifts to a scene of factory workers jostling one another (xô đẩy) on their way to a factory. However, the rather bitter note of criticism in the implied comparison is not sustained (chống chịu). It is replaced by a gentle note of satire (mỉa mai). Chaplin prefers to entertain rather than lecture. Scenes of factory interiors (nội tình) account for only about one-third of Modern Times, but they contain some of the most pointed social commentary as well as the most comic situations. No one who has seen the film can ever forget Chaplin vainly (vô vọng) trying to keep pace with the fast-moving conveyor belt, almost losing his mind in the process. Another popular scene involves an automatic feeding machine brought to the assembly line so that workers need not interrupt their labor to eat. The feeding machine malfunctions (trục trặc), hurling (hua, lật) food at Chaplin, who is strapped in his position on the assembly line and cannot escape. This serves to illustrate people’s utter helplessness in the face of machines that are meant to serve their basic needs. Clearly, Modern Times has its faults, but it remains the best film treating technology within a social context. It does not offer a radical social message, but it does accurately reflect the sentiment (tình cảm) of many who feel they are victims of an over-mechanised world.

Very few people in the modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment surrounding their homes. This method of harvesting from nature’s provision is the oldest known subsistence strategy and has been practised for at least the last two million years. It was, indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary (sơ đẳng) farming and the domestication of wild animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago. Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins, their numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal (giới hạn) environments, such as deserts and arctic (thuộc bắc cực) wastelands. In higher latitudes, the shorter growing seasons have restricted the availability of plant life. Such conditions have caused a greater dependence on hunting, and on fishing along the coasts and waterways. The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. In short, the environmental differences have restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the development of subsistence societies. Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors. We know from the observation of modern hunter-gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that a society based on hunting and gathering must be very mobile. While the entire community camps in a central location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp. When the food in the area has become exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site. We also notice seasonal migration patterns evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict division of labor between the sexes. These patterns of behavior may be similar to those practised by mankind during the Paleolithic Period. (đồ đá cũ)

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