Contrastive Analysis Mr. Nguyen Ngoc Vu
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4A06 Nguyen Kim Phung The Structure of N
- Điều hướng trang này:
- That
| Word order in Vietnamese noun phrase
Besides, according to Mai et al.’s theory (pp. 276-280) as well as the article written by Dinh Dien (n.d, p.6), the word order in Vietnamese noun phrase can be summarized like this:
Table 2: The word order in Vietnamese noun phrase In fact, the position of those elements in a noun phrase is rather stable. According to Dinh Dien (n.d), the head (position 0) may be a noun (mèo, sách, sinh viên) or a combination of a classifier (danh từ chỉ loại) and the main noun like “con mèo, cuốn sách”. Otherwise, the head may also a classifier followed by a descriptive free word cluster (cụm từ tự do miêu tả) (position 1) such as “hai anh đang ngồi đọc sách đằng kia”, “ những việc nói hôm nọ.” In addition, words that are not noun can also be the head due to speaking habits of Vietnamese. For instance, the phrases like “ba sôi”, “hai lạnh” is the shortened speaking way of “ba phần nước sôi”, “hai phần nước lạnh.” (p. 7) According to Diep Quang Ban (2000), the position (-1) is taken by the deictic word “cái” (từ chỉ xuất). Usually, standing after “cái” and the head noun is demonstrative like “này”, “kia”, “ấy”, etc. However, people can speak “ mấy cái thằng….” or “cái con bé…” instead of “mấy cái thằng kia” , “cái con bé ấy” in conversational language with people from the same or lower status. It means the demonstratives “ấy, kia” are omitted though “cái” is used (p. 46). Diep Quang Ban (2000) added that (-2) is the place taken by one of these: numeral (một, hai, bốn, mười…), indefinite quantifier (vài, ba, dăm, mươi…), allocating words (từ hàm ý phân phối) (mỗi, từng, mọi …), articles (quán từ: những, các, một…) and the word “mấy” (p. 47). Besides, we don’t attach words like “mỗi, từng, mọi, các” with “cái” (-1) as “các cái con mèo”, “các cái cuốn sách”, “Mỗi cái người chúng ta”… Similarly, we can say “hai vợ chồng, bốn anh em” but can’t say “bốn xe cộ, năm áo quần”. It means numerals can be placed in front of generic nouns (danh từ tổng hợp) which refer to familial relationships. Yet, only in the order “numeral + quantitative words + generic nouns” can generic nouns stand right after numeral as in “hai bộ quần áo”, “năm đàn trâu bò”. In contrast, “những, các, mọi” can stand directly before generic nouns: “những thợ thuyền, các tướng tá, mọi xe cộ” (Mai et al., 2006, p. 278). The position (-3) is that of quantifiers (“từ tổng lượng) such as “tất cả”, “tất thảy”, “hết thảy”… These words can combine with definite numerals ( “một”, “hai”, “ba”, “bốn”…), quantitative words (“đàn”, “lũ”, “bộ”, “bó”, “nắm”…), generic nouns ( “quần áo”, “binh lính”, “xe cộ”, “máy móc”…) (Diep,2000, p. 53). Take these following noun phrases as examples: a/ Cả một đàn bò thế mà bảo ít Quantifier numeral quantitative word head post- modification b/ Toàn bộ năm mươi mấy người trai tráng, thế mà nay … (không còn một ai) Quantifier numeral head c/ Tất cả kỉ niệm đáng nhớđó Quantifier generic noun post- modification Subsequent to the head is the position (1) which belongs to words of various parts of speech like noun, adjective, verb, numeral, ordinal, pronoun or clusters having principal and accessory (cụm chính phụ), coordinated (cụm đẳng lập) or Subject and verb relationship (cụm chủ vị). The main function of words in this position is to highlight or point out the characteristics of the head noun. For example: a/ Phòng tạp chí head noun b/ phòng đọc head verb c/ phòng hẹp head qualitative adj d/ phòng m ười bốn head ordinal e/ cửa hàng sách ngoại văn head principal and accessory f/ sách báo trong và ngoài nước head coordinated cluster g/ sách báo thư viện đặt mua head subject-verb cluster (Diep, 2000,p. 58) However, the position (1) can have more than two elements appearing at the same time and this raises a question of the order of these elements: which comes first? Which comes after? Giving the answer to this, Diep Quang Ban (2000) remarked that those elements which describing the frequent nature of the head noun will be placed closer to the head than those which just highlight the temporary characteristics of the head in some particular situations. Besides, if all the elements outline temporary characteristics of the head, the order among them will give priority to one-word element (noun, verb or adjective). Then come the longer elements like numerals, words indicating positions, or word clusters (p. 60). In other words, the shorter modifiers come first, then the longer ones come next. To make it clearer, we may outline the order like this: H ead + Frequent nature + temporary characteristics 1+ temporary characteristics 2 (Noun, verb, adj) Figure 2: The order of elements in the position (1) of a Vietnamese noun phrase Here are some examples to illustrate for the rule stated above: Con đường đất đỏ lầy lội Head adj (frequent nature) adj (temporary characteristic) As we can see, “đất đỏ” in the example above is the frequent nature of “con đường”, but due to the heavy rain today, the street becomes “lầy lội”. Consequently, “lầy lội” is the temporary characteristic of “con đường” in a particular case “trời mưa”. Bài học đầu tiên về cách làm người Head numeral principal and accessory cluster Đường đua số 2 ở trước mặt (Diep, 2000, p. 60) Head numeral word cluster indicating position The last position, number 2, in a Vietnamese noun phrase is that of demonstratives (ấy, đó, này, kia, nọ, đấy, đó). These words are used for identifying which objects or which subjects are being mentioned. It also signals the end of a Vietnamese noun phrase. For example: Những cô nàng đỏm dáng ấy Article head qualitative adj demonstrative In some cases, demonstrative may cause misunderstandings if we arrange the order in different ways. Compare these two phrases: (a) Việc ấy của anh (b) Việc của anh ấy (Diep 61) While the example (a) emphasizes clearly “that work”, (b) is quite ambiguous. On one hand, we can understand it as “his work” when speaking with a flat tone. On the other hand, (b) can be understood that “It’s your work, not others’ work” by raising the accent at “ẤY”. Compare and contrast the word order of noun phrase between Vietnamese and English Through descriptions of the basic order of the noun phrase in English and Vietnamese above, I would like to point out some remarkable similarities and differences in the positions of pre-modifiers and post modifier in relation to the head noun. Firstly, in both Vietnamese and English noun phrase, quantitative modifiers (định ngữ chỉ lượng) lie before the head noun, which is followed by the prepositional phrases. For example: a/ All those beautiful dreams Quantifier demonstrative adjective head noun Tất cả những giấc mộng đẹp đó Quantifier article head noun adj demonstrative b/ One third of my students Fraction possessive head noun Một phần ba số học sinh của tôi Fraction head possessive c/ Three little lizards Ba con thằn lằn con Numeral adj head numeral head adj d/ Several thousand people Vài ngàn người Numeral head numeral head e/ All fresh flowers in Uncle Ho’s garden quantifier adj head prepositional phrase Tất cả bông hoa tươi thắm trong vườn Bác Quantifier head adj prepositional phrase Secondly, while coming before the head noun in English, demonstratives, ordinal numbers, possessives follow the head noun in Vietnamese. For example: a/ That beautiful orange checked shirt Cái áo sơ mi ca-rô cam xinh xắn đó tải về 149 Kb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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