Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology
47
Recovery is normally close to 100% for dead-end filtration, while it varies
significantly for cross-flow filtration depending on the nature and design of
membrane process. Permeate flux (usually denoted as
J) is the volume of
water passed through a unit area of membrane per unit of time and it is of-
ten normalized to a standard temperature. The common unit for
J is usually
L m
–2
day
–1
, and most of the available data for MBR is given in that manner
rather than in SI units. MBR membranes generally operate at fluxes between
10 and 100 L m
–2
h
–1
. The flux is related to its driving force which is trans-
membrane pressure (TMP or ∆
P) while the membrane performance can be
estimated from the membrane permeability (
K), which is calculated as per-
meate flux per unit of TMP and is usually given as L m
–2
h
–1
bar
–1
.
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