90
J. Radjenovi´c et al.
footprints. Also, packing density influences the final cost of MBR: low packing
densities of membrane modules mean that higher specific area of membrane is
required to produce the same flux, which increases the energy requirements.
There are certain drawbacks for wider implementation of MBR technology.
MBR is widely viewed as being a state-of-the-art technology but is also some-
times seen as high-risk and prohibitively costly compared to CAS and other
more established technologies. MBRs were historically perceived as suitable
only for small-scale plants with high operator skill requirements, and the
key operating expenditure parameters such as membrane life unknown [4].
Many of these drawbacks are no longer true. Perhaps the biggest challenge to
companies active in the market is to persuade decision-makers of the capabil-
ity of MBRs and what benefits they will undoubtedly bring to the customer.
In the past, there were an insufficient number of full-scale MBR treatment
plants to convince decision-makers of the reliability of this advanced treat-
ment. Presently, there are a number of examples of successful implementation
of MBRs across the range of applications, and there is certainly less reason to
be suspicious of this technology.
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