Lesson 1: tenses ( Các thì ) simple present:
LESSON 10: DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
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LESSON 10: DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ( CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP ) Verb form usage in reported speech: sequence of tenses If the main verb of the sentence is in the present, present perfect or future tense (e.g., say, tell ), no change is made in the verb tense or modal in the indirect speech ( reported speech). ( Nếu động từ tường thuật của câu ở thì hiện tại, hiện tại hòan thành hay tương lai ( thí dụ: say, tell ); không có sự thay đổi nào về thì của lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp. Ex : He says, “ I work hard.” = > He says (that) he works hard. Ex : They say, “ we are vorking hard.” = > They say(that) they are working hard. Ex : He says, “ I worked hard” = > He says (that) he worked hard. I / STATEMENT ( Câu trần thuật ) Direct speech ( lời nói trực tiếp) => Indirect speech ( lời nói gián tiếp) Ex: He said, “ I work hard.” => He said (that) he worked hard He said to Lan, “ I didn’t see you here yesterday” => He told Lan he hadn’t seen her(Lan) there the day before
- said to => told. - Không đổi said nếu không có “to”. - Bỏ dấu : ; “ ” ; , và thêm liên từ “That” B. Persons ( Ngôi thứ ) _ Ngôi thứ nhất( I , We ) cùng ngôi với chủ từ của động từ nói. Ngôi thứ hai ( you ) cùng ngôi với túc từ cùa động từ nói. _ Ngôi thứ ba ( He , She , It , They ) giữ nguyên,không đổi.
C. Tense( Thì )
D. Một số từ chỉ nơi chốn thời gian cần phải đổi :
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Ex : He said , “ I am tired now”. =>He said that he was tired then. Ex : He said ,“ I have to work today” =>He said that he had to work that day. Ex : They said, “ We have done our work for 3 hours.” => They said that they had done their work for 3 hours Ex : She said , “ I must work hard.” => She said that she had to work hard or he must work hard. ( past modal auxiliary ) Ex : I said to Lan, “ I don’t want to see you.” =>I told Lan that I didn’t want to see her. Ex : He said, “ I should work hard.” =>He said that he should work hard.(no change) Ex: He said, “ I ought to work hard.” => He said he ought to work hard
Notice the modal verbs such as Could, would, should, might, ought to and must in indirect speech Subject + said + (that) + Subject + V + … told + Object II / IMPERATIVES ( MỆNH LỆNH ) A. Affirmative Imperative ( mệnh lệnh khẳng định ) Ex: Mary said, “Please do your homework, Mai.” => Mary told Mai to do her homework. Ex: Ted said, “Please come to my party. ” => Ted invited me to come to his party.
B. NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE ( Mệnh lệnh phủ định ) Ex : She said, “ Don’t make noise.” => She told me not to make noise. Ex : The said, “ Don’t go out at night,” => They told me not to go out at night .
C. QUESTION ( YES- NO QUESTION OR WH – QUESTION ) ( Câu hỏi ) a. Saying verb ( Động từ nói ) - said to , said => asked, wanted to know - Không đổi các động từ khác. - Bỏ dấu : ; “ ” ; , * Có hai trường hợp + Câu hỏi Yes – No bắt đầu bằng trợ động từ : Am, Is , Are, Was, Were, Do, Does, Did, Will, Can, May…… ta dùng liên từ If or Whether thay cho các nghi vấn từ ( what, why, how,…). + Câu hỏi Wh hay How ( câu hỏi bắt đầu với What, Where, When, Who, How, How much, How many, How long), ta không dùng If để thay thế (sử dụng lai các nghi vấn từ đã có).
c. Tense (Thì ) d. Some words used to show place, time
Ex : He said, “ Lan, did you see the teacher of English last year ? ” => He asked Lan if she had seen the teacher of English the year before. Ex : They said, “ Can you speak English fluently ? ” => They asked me if I could speak English fluently. Ex : I said to them, “ What are you going to do this evening ? ” => I asked them what they were going to do that evening. Ex : He asked her, “ when will you leave England for Vietnam. ” => He asked her when she would leave England for Vietnam.
…………………………………………………………………***…………………………………… Reported Speech with Infinitive 1.
Ex: + “Get out of my room”, she said She told me to get out of her room. + “Could you carry some bags, Mike?” I asked Mike to carry some bags. + “Would you like to have dinner with us?” They invited me to have dinner with them. 2.
Ex: + “I’ll take you to town.” She offered to take me to town. + “I’ll never do it again.” He promised not to do it again. …………………………………………………………………***……………………………………
Ex: + “Let’s go to the cinema” She suggested going to the cinema. + “I stole it.” He admitted stealing it. 2.
Ex: + “I’m sorry I’m late” She apologized for being late. + “I want to be a teacher.” She dreamed of being a teacher. 3.
Ex: + “You took the money” He accused me of taking the money. + “Don’t buy this car” I warned her against that car. …………………………………………………………………………………***…………………………… Conditional in Reported Speech Khi đổi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, chỉ lùi thì trong câu điều kiện loại 1.Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 không lùi thì. Ex: + “If I catch the plane, I’ll be home by five.” He said that if he caught the plane, he would be home by five. + She said “If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.” She said if she were me, she wouldn’t do that. + “If I had loved Tom, I wouldn’t have left him.” She said if she had loved Tom, she wouldn’t have left him.
1. He said he ______ at the “Ritz” hotel. A. is staying B. has stayed C. was staying D. will stay 2. They realized that they ______________ their way in the dark. A. had lost B. lose C. lost D. was lost 3. He asked me where I ____________________. A. have studied B. study C. am studying D. studied 4. I thought that I ______ my work at that time. A. shall finish B. will finish C. should finish D. will have finished 5. He says he _____ at school two years ago. A. had worked B. works C. had been working D. worked 6. Victor said he ____ very busy. A. is B. will be C. was D. may be 7. My friend asked me who _____ the piano in the sitting- room. A. was playing B. plays C. is playing D. has playing 8. The policeman asked George where he _____ so early. A. is running B. ran C. was running D. runs 9. I asked my neighbor if he _________ by air before. A. ever traveled B. has ever traveled C. would ever travel D. had ever traveled 10. “Go home” said the teacher to us. A. The teacher told us to go home. B. The teacher said us to go home. C. The teacher told us go home. D. The teacher told to us to go home. 11. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth.” said Granny to Helen. A. Granny told Helen not to forget to clean her teeth. B. Granny told Helen to not forget to clean her teeth. C. Granny said to Helen not to forget to clean her teeth. D. Granny told Helen not forget to clean her teeth. 12. He said to me “Ring me up tomorrow”. A. He told me to ring him up the following day. B. He told me ring him up the following day. C. He said me to ring him up the following day. D. He told me to ring me up the following day. 13. The teacher said to me “Hand this note to your parents, please”. A. The teacher asked me to hand that note to my parents. B. The teacher asked me hand that note to my parents. C. The teacher asked me to hand that note to his parents. D. The teacher asked me hand that note to his parents. 14. “You have not done your work well” said the teacher to me. A. The teacher told me I hadn’t done my work well. B. The teacher told me I haven’t done my work well. C. The teacher told me I hadn’t done your work well. D. The teacher told me I hadn’t done his work well. 15. “This man spoke to me on the road” said the woman. A. The woman said that man had spoken to me on the road. B. The woman said that man has spoken to me on the road. C. The woman said that man spoke to me on the road. D. The woman said that man had spoken to her on the road. 16. The woman said to her son “I’m glad I’ m here.” A. The woman told her son I was glad she was there. B. The woman told her son she was glad I was there. C. The woman told her son she was glad she was there. D. The woman told to her son she was glad she was there. 17. He said he ________________ o the station to see me off. A. would come B. came C. will come D. is coming 18. I was sure he _____ the letter. A. posted B. had posted C. will post D. is posting 19. I think the weather ___________ fine next week. I hope it _____ for the worse. A. would be / will not change B. would be / would not change C. will be / will not change D. will be / would not change 20. I knew that he _________ a very clever man. A. will be B. was C. had been D. is 21. I want to know what he _________ for her birthday. A. has bought B. buys C. had bought D would buy 22. I asked my sister to tell me what she ____________ at the museum. A. had seen B. has seem C. had been seeing D was seeing 23. He said he ____________ tomorrow morning. A. would leave B. will leave C. is leaving D. left 24. She says she _______________ the book. A. already finds B. has already found C. had already found D. would already find 25. She said she ____________ tell me the right time, her watch ________ wrong. A. can’t / was B. couldn’t / was C. can’t / is D. couldn’t / is 26. The delegates were told that the guide _________ out and _________ back in ten minutes. A. has just gone / will be B. has just gone / would be C. had just gone / will be D. had just gone / would be 27. He says that he ____ the laws of the country. A knew B. is knowing C. knows D. had known 28. Tom ________ that he is having a party here tomorrow evening. A. asks B. said C. says D. told 29. Claire told me that her father ____ a race horse. A. owns B. owned C. owning D. own 30. You said you chocolate, but you aren’t eating any. A. liked B. liking C. to like D. like 31. Rachel insisted they ___________ plenty of time. A. have B. to have C. having D. had 32. What did that man say _____________? A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you 33. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it ______________ raining there. A. is B. were C has been D. was 34. The builders have _____ that everything will be ready on time. A. promised B. promise C. promises D. promising 35. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise. A. told B. tell C have told D. are telling 36. The last time I saw Jonathan, he looked very relaxed. He explained that he’ d been in holiday the ______ week. A. ago B. following C. next D. previous 37. Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up. A. asked B. is asking C. ask D. was asked 38. Tom has __________ that this story wasn’t completely true. A. admitting B. was admitting C. admitted D. admit 39. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy __________ day. A. that B. the C. then D. this 40. I wonder _______ the tickets are on the sale yet. A. what B. when C. where D. whether …………………………………………………………………………………***………………………… LESSON 11 USUAL SENTENCE PATTERNS (Các Mẫu Câu Thông Dụng )
Ex : It is not winter. => The lady dresses as if it were winter. Ex : She doesn’t study modeling. = > She walks as if she studied modeling.
Ex : She didn’t win the grand prize. => She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. Ex : He didn’t see a ghost. => He looked as though he had seen a ghost.
Ex : Though she is poor, she still goes to school. => In spite of her poverty, she still goes to school. Ex : Even though he has physical handicap, he has become a sucessful business.
Despite having physical handicap, he has become a sucessful business.
Ex : I am happy , and you are too. …… so are you.
EX : They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too. so will you
Ex : Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too. so does my sister.
Ex : I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either. neither did John. Ex : She won’t be going to the conference, and her collegues won’t either. neither will her collegues.
Ex : It is not winter now. => Jane would rather that it were winter now. Ex : His friends doesn’t work in the same departtment. => Henry would rather that his friends worked in the same department.
7. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ( Thì hiện tai giả định) : Có hình thức giống như nguyên thể của động từ. Thì hiện tại giả định được dùng trong mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng That.
Ex : He demanded that he be allowed to meet his lawyer. Ex : The doctor suggested that his patient ( should ) stop smoking. Ex : The child urges that his father take him to the zoo.
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