ĐẠi học huế trưỜng đẠi học ngoại ngữ

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similar teacher characteristics: around one year teaching at the research site, an 
experience of approximately three years as EFL teachers, a master in ELT, and 
an IELTS certificate of 7.0 band score awarded one year prior to the 
implementation of the first study. 
3.2.2 Student Participants 
Fifty first-year students volunteered to get involved in this study. The 
selection of the participants in this study was mainly based on their answers to 
the pre-questionnaire and pretest, and their academic records of English 
learning in high school. 
3.3 Data Collection Instrumentation 
3.3.1 Pretest and Posttest 
The pretest and posttest in this study had the same format, with three 
sections each: forced-choice sentence completion, multiple choice questions 
and text completion. The combination of discrete-point direct test (forced-
choice sentence completion and multiple choice questions) and text completion 
formats was assumed to measure the participants’ knowledge of individual 
target language items and their use in the context of text (Bassili, Smith, & 
MacLeod, 1989; Harmer, 2015). 
3.3.2 Questionnaires and Interviews 
The pre-questionnaire was designed to explore two main parts: (1) 
participants’ background information and (2) their evaluation of the 
pedagogical techniques they had previously received prior to this study. The 
data collected from Part 1 (qualitative) was used, together with those from other 
instruments, mainly to select the participants. Part 2 mainly investigated (1) the 
interest and appropriateness and (2) effects of the CL-based treatment. 

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The post-questionnaire had two main parts: (1) investigation into other 
interventions and (2) participants’ responses to the CL-based treatment. Part 2 
was quite the same as the corresponding part in the pre-questionnaire, but it was 
reworded to particularly refer to the CL-based treatment. The post-
questionnaire for the traditional group was comprised of part 1 only. The 
interview used the framework of the part 2 of the post-questionnaire. 

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