Contrastive linguistics: Approaches and methods theoretical foundations
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- Điều hướng trang này:
- Phonological level
| Models of grammatical CA
Contrasting languages requires using the same model of analysis because each model focuses on certain features, and hence comparing features analyzed by two different models will make it difficult for the linguist to determine whether it is a trait of the data or the model. Using the same model contributes to having constants and reliable CA data. A variety of models of analysis are used by linguists, two of which are the structural or the Taxonomic model and the Transformational generative grammar. Through the taxonomy model, structuralists proposed the Immediate Constituent Analysis technique whereby any complex grammatical structure is divided into two constituents AB+C or A+BC according to which parts should be in order or can be omitted. The phrase rather nice girl can have „nice girl‟ as one construction but „rather nice‟ cannot be accepted as one construction. Such analysis does not account for meaning, it only considers construction types „syntagmatic‟ and possible elements for each structural position „paradigmatic‟. With the eminence of Chomsky‟s universal grammar, language is analyzed by the Transformational generative grammar in which a difference between surface structures and deep structures of the sentence is highly considered. Deep structure is considered universal and hence allows only for contrasting different surface structures across L1 and L2. Generative grammar focuses on the intermediate structure where diversion across the two contrasted languages appears. Other models of analysis have also influenced contrastive analysis techniques. Phonological level In acoustic phonetics, contrastive linguistics focuses on sounds that have physical similarities between L1 and L2 and then tries to determine the differences.Similar sounds in two languages can be of different functional importance. For example two allophones in one language can be considered as two different phonemes in the other. Contrasting two sound systems involve four steps. First, a phonemic inventory of the two languages is drawn. Second, phonemes of the two languages are equated. Third, the different phonemes and allophones are listed. Then, the distributional restrictions or on the context of the phonemes and allophones are determined for each language. For example, the sound [ŋ] in English and Spanish in English it is an allophone of /n/ while in Spanish before /h/ and /w/ such as [estraŋ‟hero]. Phonemes can contrast in one of the following ways (Politzer, 1972). Two similar phonemes in the contrasted languages does not mean equation of their allophones since one phoneme can have allophones and the other does not show allophones at all. Another contrasting feature shows when the same sound is considered a phoneme in one language and an allophone in the other. Models of phonological CA Taxonomic phonology and generative phonology are the two main models of analysis in phonological CA. The taxonomic model aims at stating the two phonological systems of the two languages and the variations of similar sounds. The phonemic approach indicates that errors of pronunciation by the L2 learner occur because of phonemic asymmetries and allophonic variations which may lead to a foreign accent. However, this taxonomical model fails to highlight the difference between receptive and productive difficulty. Generative phonology the other hand, depends on the concept of transformation of deep structures into surface structures which are psychological non-realistic; thus, making the taxonomic approach more practical tải về 25.4 Kb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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