ChuyêN ĐỀ 1 CÁc thì (tenses)

S + have/ has been + Past Participle

Eg:

Passive: The project has just been finished.

4. 
   Thì tương lai đơn
   

Eg:

5. 
   Động từ khuyết thiếu.
   

EX1:

EX2:

S + am / is / are +being + Past Participle

Eg:

S + was / were + being + Past Participle

Eg:

Muốn chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động, học sinh cần nắm chắc các bước chuyển sau đây:

• 
  Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động, chuyển nó thành Chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.
  
• 
  Xác định thì của động từ trong câu chủ động, chia “to be” tương ứng với thì tiếng Anh đó và với chủ ngữ mới của câu bị động.
  
• 
  Chia động từ chính trong câu chủ động ở dạng past participle trong câu bị động
  
• 
  By + tác nhân gây hành động (khi muốn nhấn mạnh tác nhân gây hành động)
  

S + V (participle) + O

S V O

• 
  This work will befinished (by them) tomorrow.
  

Trong phần này cần lưu ý học sinh một số vấn đề sau:

- Các trạng từ chỉ cách thức thường được đặt trước động từ phân từ hai trong câu bị động.

Eg: He wrote the book wonderfully.

 The book was wonderfully written.

- By + tác nhân gây hành động đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.

Eg1: A passer- by took him home.

 He was taken home by a passer- by.

 The gifts will be received by us on Monday.

Tuy nhiên không phải bất cứ câu nào cũng có thể chuyển từ chủ động sang bị động hoặc ngược lai. Điều kiện để chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động là câu đó phải mất transitive verb (động từ ngoại hướng). Câu có intransitive verb (động từ nội hướng) thì không thể chuyển sang câu bị động. Động từ ngoại hướng là động từ cần mất tân ngữ trực tiếp trong khi động từ nội hướng thì không cần mất tân ngữ trực tiếp.

Transitive verb

2) They run along the beach every morning.

Intransitive verb

2. 
   Các dạng đặc biệt của câu bị động
   

Trong mẫu câu này tân ngữ có thể là một danh từ, cụm từ hoặc đại từ.

S + V + O

Eg: Active: Her mother is cleaning the kitchen.

S + V + O + C

Eg: They called him Mr. Angry.

He was called Mr. Angry.

S + V + O + A

Eg: He put the table in the corner.

 The table was put in the corner.

S + V + O + O

Eg: We gave him a nice present on his birthday.

Oi Od

- Cách chuyển thứ nhất: He was given a nice present on his birthday.

A nice present was given to him on his birthday.

Có hai giới từ có thể được dùng trong trường hợp này là: to, for

Một số động từ dùng với ‘to’: give, bring, send, show, write, post, pass…

Một số động từ dùng với ‘for’: buy, make, cook, keep, find, get, save, order ………..

Eg1: She didn’t show me this special camera.

 This camera wasn’t shown to me.

Eg 2: She is making him a cup of tea.

 A cup of tea is being made for him.
3. Câu bị động với các động từ tường thuật

Các động từ tường thuật thường được dùng để tường thuật lại các câu nói, ý nhĩ, câu hỏi, yêu cầu, lời xin lỗi… Một số động từ tường thuật thường gặp là: say, think, know, believe, ask, tell, promise…

Có hai cấu trúc liên quan đến động từ tường thuật:

S + V + Oi + that clause.

1. 
   Mẫu câu: Active:
   

assive:

 I was told that you had a new bike.

S + V + that + clause.

2. 
   Mâu câu
   

Mẫu câu này có hai cách chuyển

Eg: People think that I am the best student in my class.

 It is thought that I am the best student in my class.

Cách 2: dùng chủ ngữ của mệnh đề that và sử dụng dạng nguyên mẫu của động từ. Ở ví dụ trên, có cách chuyển thứ hai là:

Eg: I am thought to be the best student in my class.

Ở cách chuyển thứ hai, có thể dùng 3 dạng nguyên mẫu của động từ:

1) To – inf: khi hành động xảy ra ở mệnh đề that diễn ra cùng thì hoặc diễn ra sau hành động ở mệnh đề tường thuật.

2) Nguyên mẫu tiếp diễn: to be ving, khi hành động ở mệnh đề that ở thì tiếp diễn, còn hành động ở mệnh đề tường thuật ở thì đơn giản, cùng bậc.

3) Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành: to have done, khi hành động ở mệnh đề that xảy ra trước hành động ở mệnh đề tường thuật.

Eg1: People say that he is a rich man.

 He is said to be a rich man.

Eg2: They think that she is living there.

 She is thought to be living there.

Eg3: They said that Tom had left home before the weekend.

• 
  Tom was said to have left home before the weekend.
  

Khi chuyển câu mệnh lệnh sang câu bị động, ta sẽ sử dụng cấu trúc sau:

Eg: Take off your hat!

 Let your hat be taken off!

Ngoài các trên, còn một cách khác để chuyển câu mệnh lệnh sang câu bị động nhưng ít dùng hơn đó là:

Eg: Active: Look after the children please!

Hoặc: The children are to be looked after!

Đối với những câu hỏi có từ để hỏi, chúng ta có thể chia làm hai loại:

Eg: Active: How many languages do they speak in Canada?

Eg: Who wrote this novel ?

 Who was this novel written by?

HoÆc:  By whom was this novel written?

1. 
   Tân ngữ của Ving cùng chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu:
   

-> I was kept waiting (by him).

2. 
   Tân ngữ của Ving không chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu:
   

=> He hates being looked at (by people).

S + V + O (to) + V


7. Cấu trúc:

S + V + O + to + V

a.
- Khi tân ngữ không cùng đối tượng với chủ ngữ.

Eg: We asked him to do it.

-> He was asked to do it.

Khi tân ngữ cùng đối tượng với chủ ngữ.

Eg: She would love someone to take her out to dinner.

-> She would love to be taken out to dinner.
b
S + V + O + V(without to)

.

• 
  Khi chuyển sang câu bị động chóng ta dïng To-infinitive trừ động từ “let”.
  

-> He was heard to sing this song.

Nhưng: They let us go home.

-> We were let go home.

Hoặc: We were allowed to go home.
8
Have / get something done. (dạng nhờ bảo).

. Cấu trúc

Eg:

-> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.

1. 
   Với get.
   

Eg:

-> I get some coffee made.

a. is made b. is making c. made d. maked

2. If your brother ………………., he would come.

a. invited b. were invited c. were inviting d. invite

3. Mr. Wilson is …………… as Wilie to his friend.

a. knowed b. knew c. known d. is known

4. References …………. in the examination room.

a. not are used b. is not used c. didn’t used d. are not used

5. Laura ………….. in Boston.

a. are born b. were born c. was born d. born

6. My nother is going …………… this house.

a. sold b. to be sold c. to sold d. to sell

7. There’s somebody hehind us. I think we are ……………….

a. being followed b. are followed c. follow d. following

8. Have you …………….. by a dog?

a. bite b. ever been bit c. ever been bitten d. bit

9. The room is being ………….. at the moment.

a. was cleaned b. cleaned c. cleaning d. clean

10. The road to our village …………. widened next year.

a. is b. will c. can d. will be

a. The room every day is cleaned.

b. The room is everyday cleaned.

c. The room is cleaned every day.

d. The room is cleaned by somebody everyday.

2. They cancelled all flights because of fog.

a. All flights because of fog were cancelled.

b. All flights were cancelled because of fog.

c. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog.

d. All flights were because of fog cancelled.

3. They are building a new highway around the city.

a. A new highway is being built around the city.

b. A new highway is being built around the city by them.

c. A new highway around the city is being built.

d. Around the city a new highway is being built.

4. They have built a new hospital near the airport.

a. A new hospital has been built near the airport by them.

b. A new hospital near the airport has been built.

c. A new hospital has been built near the airport.

d. Near the airport a new hospital has been built by them.

5. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.

a. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview.

b. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview by them.

c. A lot of questions will be asked you at the interview.

d. A lot of questions will be asked at the interview.

6. People don’t use this road very often.

a. This road is not used very often.

b. Not very often this road is not used.

c. This road very often is not used.

d. This road not very often is used.

7. Somebody accused me of stealing money.

a. I was accused by somebody of stealing money.

b. I was accused of stealing money.

c. I was accused of stealing money by somebody.

d. I was accused stealing money.

8. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.

a. The computer is being used at the moment.

b. The computer at the moment is being used.

c. The computer is being used by somebody at the moment.

d. The computer is used at the moment.

9. The bill includes service.

a. Service is included by the bill.

b. Service included in the bill.

c. Service is included in the bill.

d. Service is in the bill.

10. They have changed the date of the meeting.

a. The date of the meeting has been changed.

b. The date of the meeting has been changed by them.

c. The meeting has been changed the date.

d. The date of the meeting has changed.
Exercise 3. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu sau

1. The old lady was ………. exhausted after the long walk.

a. very b. aboslutely c. pretty d. fairly.

2. The old man is said……………. all his money to an old people’s home when he died.

a. to leave b. to leaving c. have left d. to have left.

3. Nobody was injured in the accident, …………?

a. was there b. was he c. were they d. weren’t they.

4. Renoir’s paintings ……….. masterpieces all over the world.

a. had considered b. are considered c. are considering d. consider.

5. He was advised…………singing lessons.

a. take b. taken c. taking d. to take.

6. You’d better get someone…………your living room.

a. redecorate b. redecorated c. to redecorate d. redecorating.

7. When………….. ? In 1928.

a. penicillin was discovered b. did pencillin discoved.

c. was penicillin disscoverd d. did pencillin discover.

8. I don’t remember…………….. of the decision to change the company policy on vacations.

a. telling b. being told c. to tell d. to be told.

9. The children ……………to the zoo.

a. were enjoyed taken b. enjoyed being taken

c. were enjoyed taking d. enjoyed taking.

10. A new bike was bought …………. him on his birthday.

a. to b. for c. with d. on.

11. His car needs ……………….

a. be fixed b. fixing c. to be fixing d. fixed.

12. Her watch needs…………….

a. reparing b. to be repaired c. repaired d. a&b.

13. He was said………………. this building.

a. designing b. to have designed c. to designs d. designed

14. Ted…………. by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.

a. got sting b. got stung c. get stung d. gets stung

15. Let the children………….. taken to the cinema.

a. to b. be c. to be d. being.


Exercise 4:

1. It has been said that UFO sightings are increasing.

a. People say that UFO sightings are increasing.

b. people have said that UFO sightings are increasing.

c. That UFO sightings are increasing is true.

d. UFO has been said to be inreasing.

2. He is getting them mend the windows.

a. He’s having the windows to mend. b. He’s having to mend the windows.

c. He’s having to be mended the windows. d. He is having the windows mended.

3. They made her hand over her passport.

a. She was made to hand over her passport. b. She was made hand over her passport.

c. She was handed over to make her passport. d. She was handed over for her passport to make.

4. Don’t let the others see you.

a. Don’t let you to be seen. b. Don’t let yourself be seen.

c. You aren’t to be seen by the others. d. Both a &c allowed.

5. They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami.

a. They say many people to have been homeless after the tsunami.

b. They say many piople to bbe homeless after the tsunami.

c. Many people are said to have been homeless after the tsunami.

d. Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami.

6. They know that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.

a. The Prime minister is known to have been in favour of the new law.

b. They know the Prime Minister to be in favour of the new law.

c. The Prime Minister is known to be in favour of the new law.

d. They know the Prime Minister to have been in favour of the new law.

7. They expect that the government will lose the election.

a. The government is expected to have lost the election.

b. The government is expected to lose the election.

c. They expect the government to lose the election.

d. They expect the government have lost election.

8. I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation.

a. I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded.

b. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded.

c. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone.

d. Our conversation wasn’t realized to be recorded.

9. They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do.

a. We are never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.

b. We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.

c. We have never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.

d. We had never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.

10. Brian told me that somebody had attacked him in the street.

a. I was told by Brian that somebody had attacked him in the street.

b. I was told by Brian that he had been attacked in the street.

c. Brian told me to have been attacked in the street.

d. Brian told me that he had been attacked in the street.
MORE EXERCISES

1. 
   All bottles _________ before transportation.
   

2. 
   Everything that _________ remained a secret.
   

C. had been overheared D. would had been overheard

3. 
   Everything ___________.
   

4. 
   Everything___________________________.
   

C. is going to be forgot D. were going to be forgotten

5. 
   I___________________________.
   

C. have not been give the money D. have not be given the money

6. 
   It _______ for years.
   

C. had not be known D. have not been known

7. 
   It _________ that learning English is easy.
   

8. 
   John and Ann___________________________.
   

9. 
   Our horses ________.
   

10. 
    Peter and Tom _________ in an accident yesterday.
    

11. 
    South Florida and HawaiI _________ by a hurricane.
    

12. 
    The battles _________ for liberation.
    

13. 
    We can’t go along here because the road........................
    

14. 
    The story I’ve just read_________ Agatha Christie.
    

15. 
    I’m going to go out and_________
    

16. 
    Something funny_________ in class yesterday.
    

17. 
    Many US automobiles_________ in Detroit, Michigan
    

18. 
    A lot of pesticide residue can_________ unwashed produce.
    

19. 
    We_________ by a loud noise during the night.
    

20. 
    Some film stars_________ difficult to work with.
    

21. 
    Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy_________ at.
    

22. 
    Today, many serious childhood diseases_________ by early immunization. [ sự miễn dịch]
    

23. 
    Do you get your heating_________ every year?
    

24. 
    Bicycles_________ in the driveway.
    

25. 
    Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony_________ next weekend. [ Symphony: khúc giao hưởng]
    

26. 
    All bottles_________ before transportation.
    

27. 
    ___________________________. yet?
    

C. Have the letters typed D. Had the letters typed

28. 
    English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where `_________ for administration, broadcasting and education.
    

29. 
    The telephones_________ by Alexander Graham Bell.
    

30. 
    Lots of houses_________ by the earthquake.
    

31. 
    Gold_________ in California in the 19^th century.
    

32. 
    The preparation_________ by the time the guest_________
    

C. had finished-were arriving D. have been finished- were arrived

33. 
    The boy_________ by the teacher yesterday.
    

34. 
    “Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon”_ “They’ve already ______, sir. They’re on your desk.”
    

35. 
    Sarah is wearing a blouse. It___________ of cotton.
    

36. 
    They had a boy _________ that yesterday.
    

37. 
    We got our mail _________ yesterday.
    

38. 
    James…….. the news as soon as possible.
    

39. 
    My wedding ring _________ yellow and white gold.