Article in the Journal of Academic Social Sciences · September 020 doi: 10. 29228/jasss. 45458 citations reads 4,242 author: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects
tải về 497.42 Kb. Chế độ xem pdf
|
| Conclusion
Ecofeminism is an interdisciplinary theory that reveals that patriarchal societies objectify women and nature and gain power. According to this theory, dualities and hierarchies are the most prominent features of male-dominated societies. Thanks to these hierarchies and dualistic concepts, the male-domination maintains its strength and objectifies the non-males. The system gives superiority to concepts such as men, culture and intellect, and lets them to overpower women, nature and emotions. As a result of this hierarchical order, woman, “whose voice is a hissing serpent” (Griffin, 1979:8) and nature lose their intrinsic values. Women become tools to reproduce and serve to reinforce the male- centred system. Therefore, the only duty of women is considered as reproducing, bringing humans to the society and feeding them; and the woman is prevented from being free and independent. Similarly, the male-dominant system exploits nature to be more authoritative. The system commodifies animals, murders them to make a profit, and exploits the natural resources relentlessly. In this way, by putting forward their superiority, men destroy both the social and natural balance. Consequently, in a system where the male-centred society objectifies nature and women, they have a close relationship. Besides, since according to ecofeminists, all types of oppression are interconnected, the environment will continue to be exploited as long as women are marginalized in society. More, inequalities created using factors such as race, class, religion, gender, age will also maintain as long as other forms of oppression exist. As a result, by shedding light on the exclusion of women and the exploitation of nature, ecofeminists aim to annihilate hierarchies and dualities and restore the harmony in the societies. References Beauvoir S.D. (2011). The Second Sex. New York: Vintage Books. (26-402). Brisson, S. (2017). Women's Connectedness to Nature: An Ecofeminist Exploration (Honors Thesis). USA: Regis University. “https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/846” Eagleton, T. (2000). The Idea of Culture. USA: Blackwell Publishing. (1-123) Engels, F. (2004). The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Australia: Resistance Books. (1-154) Gaard, G. (1993). Ecofeminism and Native American Cultures: Pushing the Limits of Cultural Imperialism? Ecofeminism, Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. (295-315). Garrard, G. (2004). Ecocriticism. London and New York: Routledge. (1-203). Gilman, C. P. (2018). Women and Economics. Global Grey. “globalgreyebooks.com” Griffin, S. (1979). The Roaring Inside Her. USA: Harper & Row Publishers. (1-145). Gruen, L. (1997). Revaluing Nature. Warren, K. (ed.) Ecofeminism, Women, Culture, Nature. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. (356-374) Harari, Y. N. (2019). Hayvanlardan Tanrılara: Sapiens, İnsan Türünün Kısa Bir Tarihi. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap. (1-409). Jung, C. G. (2015). Feminen & Dişilliğin Farklı Yüzleri (2nd ed.). Istanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık. (115-142). Kristeva, J. (2016). Simone de Beauvoir Aramızda. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık. (1-118). Kümbet, P. (2012). Ekofeminizm: Kadın, Kimlik, Doğa, Oppermann, S. (ed.) Ekoeleştiri, Çevre ve Edebiyat. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınları. (171-206) LIi H. (1993) A Crosscultural Critique of Ecofeminism. Gaard, G. (ed.) Ecofeminism, Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. (277-294) Merchant, C. (2003). Reinventing Eden, The Fate of Nature in Western Culture. New York & London: Routledge. (1-230) Plumwood, V. (2017). Feminizm ve Doğaya Hükmetmek. (2nd ed.). Istanbul: Metis Yayınları. (1-197). Roach, C. M. (2003). Mother/Nature, Popular Culture and Environmental Ethics. USA: Indiana |