A survey on Iot security: Application Areas, Security Threats, and Solution Architectures
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| V. IOT SECURITY USING BLOCKCHAIN
Blockchain and IoT are important technologies that will have a high impact on the IT and communication industry. These two technologies focus on improving the overall trans- parency, visibility, level of comfort and level of trust for the users. The IoT devices provide real-time data from sensors and blockchain provides the key for data security using a distributed, decentralized and shared ledger [108]. The basic idea behind the blockchain is simple: it is a dis- tributed ledger (also called replicated log files). The entries in the blockchain are chronological and time-stamped. Each entry in the ledger is tightly coupled with the previous entry using cryptographic hash keys. A Merkle tree is used to store the individual transactions and the root hash of the tree is stored in the blockchain. In the figure, T 1, T 2, T 3, · · · , T n represent the individual transactions. The transactions are cryptographically hashed and stored on the leaf nodes of the tree as Ha, Hb, Hc and so on. The hash of the child nodes are concatenated and a new root hash is generated. The final root hash (e.g., H1andH2) is stored on the blockchain. Just the root hash can be verified in order to make sure that all the transactions associated with that root hash are secure and have not been tampered with. Even if a single transaction is changed, all the hash values on that particular side of the tree will change. The ledger maintainer or the miner verifies the logs or transactions and generates a key that enables the latest transaction to become the part of complete ledger. This process makes the latest entries available to all the nodes in the network. Due to the presence of cryptographic hash keys in each block, it is too time-consuming and difficult for the adversaries to tamper with the blocks [109]. The miners do not have any personal interest in the trans- actions, and they are mining just to earn their incentives. The miners do not know the identity of the owners of the transac- tions. Over and above, there are multiple miners working on the same set of transactions, and there is a strong competition between them to add the transactions to the blockchain. All these unique features empower the blockchain to be a strong, 10 VOLUME x, 2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. For more information, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2924045, IEEE Access Vikas Hassija et al.: A Survey on IoT Security: Application Areas, Security Threats, and Solution Architectures FIGURE 5: Working process of Blockchain tamper-proof, distributed and open data structure for IoT data [110]. Figure 5 shows the complete flow of a transaction from being initialized to being committed to the distributed chain. There are various platforms and frameworks being developed in academia and industry that support the creation and main- tenance of blockchain. Some examples of such platforms are Ethereum, Hyperledger fabric, Ripple, etc. [111]. tải về 6.16 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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