participants speaking di
fferent languages) – or, of course, sheer inarticulacy.
Summary In the course of a sequence of utterances, speakers use referring expressions
to refer to entities which may be concrete or abstract, real or
fictitious. The
predicates embedded in a referring expression help the hearer to identify its
referent. Semantics is not concerned with the factual status of things in the
world but with meaning in language. The notion of universe of discourse is
introduced to account for the way in which language allows us to refer to
non-existent things.
PA RT T WO
From reference . . .
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