part of this style (Fraley et al, 2000), also
called dismissing
12-20
Pete Smith (Joe’s best friend at school)
said: “He was very popular with the
girls, but he was angry and jealous and
never seemed to stay with any girl for
long” (Smith, 2015, youtube interview).
Jealousy is associated with a fear of
abandonment attachment dimension, which
may place Bloggs as insecure-ambivalent. On
Fraley et al’s (2000) model this would place
him as preoccupied.
20-30
Bloggs got married to Martha at age 22
–“she completes me”; “she was
amazing at first—I couldn’t believe she
wanted me” (Bloggs, 1995; p. 56). But
Martha said he was “difficult to get
close to—he couldn’t be vulnerable and
had a nasty temper when he got
jealous” (Green, 2006; p. 172)
Here there is both fear of intimacy (“difficult
to get close to”) and fear of abandonment
(“got jealous”). Having both of these together
which would put him in the fearful category
of Fraley et al (2000).
(some debate about best attachment
classification for Bloggs – fearful, preoccupied
or dismissing?)
30-40
In his autobiography, written when he
was 35, Bloggs wrote that his mother
was “the most amazing person: she
taught me how to be strong and how
you should never rely on people as they
will always let you down in the end”
(Bloggs, 1995, p. 80).
Using the Adult Attachment Interview
classification (Hesse, 2010), there is evidence
of idealization of his mother and statements
that indicate a lack of trust of others. Both of
these would place Bloggs in the dismissing
category.
SUMMARY
Overall, Blogg’s life story is mainly consistent
with an insecure-avoidant (aka dismissing)
attachment category. The consistency could
be explained by him developing an internal
working model (Bowlby, 1973) in early
childhood that others are not available and
not to be trusted, and that he himself should
not rely on others. This is known as a
“dismissing” internal working model (Main,
Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985; Bartholomew &
Horowitz, 1991).
30
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
Attachment diagram – Flow Chart Format Example
Notes:
1. See documentary on youtube (Jones, 2014): “his mother was a bit…neglectful”.
2. Inferred from Joe’s statements (see Bloggs, 1995; pp. 7, 32, 111): “you should never rely on people
as they always let you down in the end”
3. Bloggs (1995, p. 40): “At school I never had a best friend”.
4. “he couldn’t be vulnerable and had a nasty temper when he got jealous” (Green, 2006; p. 172).
5. “the most amazing person: she taught me how to be strong and how you should never rely on
people” (Bloggs, 1995, p. 80).
Mother neglectful –
shows low sensitivity
1
Joe develops Internal Working
Model that:
others not to be trusted;
self needs to be strong
2
DISMISSING ATTACHMENT STYLE
Doesn’t have a best friend
3
Doesn’t stay long with any
girlfriend, as vigilant for cues they
can’t be trusted, leading to
jealousy
4
Mother is regarded as “amazing” as
a defence against admitting she
neglected him. This would lead him
to be “weak” whereas his IWM
represents himself as “strong”
5
Time
31
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
Biopsychosocial Diagram (mixed table and flow chart example)
Age
Bio
Psycho
Social
0-3
Joe’s temperament was
high impulsiveness and low
anxiety. This could be
based on genetics (Caspi et
al , 2005) and underlain by
the brain systems of BAS
and BIS (Gray, 1982) 1
High levels of activity and
curiosity and
impulsiveness. 2
Lack of attention from
mother means
impulsiveness unchecked;
also mental schemas of
lack of trust develop
Joe’s mother did not
having loving parents
herself (Green, 2006; p.
20).
Joe being a difficult toddler
to control made her attend
to him even less
5-10
Likes groups but not one-
one relationships—doesn’t
have a best friend (Smith,
2014)
Seeks groups—joins
football team
13-18
His natural low anxiety
means he didn’t worry
about fights
Joe selects an environment
in which being aggressive
was cool
The “hard boys” at school
were an influence on Joe
20-30
Cocaine increases
dopamine across
neurotransmitters; also
increases cortisol levels
(Heesh et al, 1995)
Joe becomes addicted to
cocaine
Joe’s chronic anxiety levels
increase (Bloggs, 1995;, p.
213)
After success in the music
industry, Joe is surrounded
by easy supply of drugs
I haven’t done his whole life – you can just pick out some examples of bio-psycho-social interaction
across your person’s life. Remember to include ALL THREE LEVELS IN INTERACTION. Use arrows to
show this.
Notes:
1. Gray (1982): behavioural inhibition system (BIS): said to be based on the septohippocampal system
and its monoaminergic afferents from the brainstem; behavioural activation system (BAS): said to be
related to catecholaminergic and dopaminergic pathways in the brain.
2. Joe described as “impulsive” by teachers (Smith, 2014, p. 4); he was always getting into fights as a
boy (Bloggs, 1995, p. 65).
32
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
Kohlberg Diagram Example
Age
Life Data
Kohlberg Stage
8
Joe recalled that “We stole from
McGregor’s but knew it was wrong to
steal from Forsythe’s sweet shop as he
would set his dog on you” (Bloggs,
1995, p. 76)
This shows an idea of right and wrong
based on punishment, so would be at
Kohlberg’s stage 1 (Kohlberg, 1975)—
preconventional level
14
“It wasn’t fair—I lent him my records
but he never lent me his. So I never lent
them after that” (Bloggs, 1995; p. 194).
This statement reflects the stage 2
morality of instrumental exchange –
“you scratch my back and I’ll scratch
yours” (Kohlberg, 1975, p. 671).
17
“I was never a “good boy” as teenager.
But I would do anything for my mates—
you should never let your mates down”
(Bloggs, 1995, p. 132)
Although he says he wasn’t a “good boy”
this still shows stage 3 morality (at the
conventional level) of wanting to earn
approval from others.
25
“All my life I’ve never believed in the
law or authority” (youtube
documentary, Smith, 2014) [spoken
when Bloggs was 25).
This statement reflects an absence of
conventional morality (a lack of stage 4
reasoning).
35
“everyone deserves love – we’re all
human beings, you know? I try to treat
everyone the same. Treat people as
you’d like to be treated” (youtube
documentary, Smith, 2014) [spoken
when Bloggs was 35).
This statement reflects a universal
principle that could logically be accepted
by everyone, so therefore is at
Kohlberg’s stage 6 (Kohlberg, 1975) –
postconventional level
Overview
Joe seems to go through Kohlberg’s
stages in the correct order although he
seems to miss out stage 4.
33
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
Vaillant Diagram Example
Age
Life Data
Vaillant defence mechanism
6
When Joe’s Dad left to go to America, Joe
said as a small boy he used to think his Dad
lived in the next town and was trying to find
him (Bloggs, 1995, p. 34).
Vaillant (1993) would class this as a
defence of denial or distortion, which
is the lowest level of defence (or
psychotic).
13
“At school I smashed up the art room
because I wasn’t allowed on the school trip”
(Bloggs, 1995, p. 65)
This would count as the defence of
acting out—at Vaillant’s immature
level (the level typical of adolescence)
15
“When his girlfriend left him he told her he
was going to kill himself” (Green, 2006, p. 87)
This would be an example of passive
aggression, another immature level of
defence
23
When the band split up, Joe blamed all the
other members but refused to admit that he
played any role in it himself (Bloggs, 1995, p.
137)
This would be an example of
displacement, an intermediate
defence mechanism, according to
Vaillant
25
Joe got addicted to heroin at age 27 and said
that “it took the pain away” because he felt
“out of his own body” (Bloggs, 1995, p. 56)
In terms of defence mechanisms, this
would count as dissociation, at
Vaillant’s immature level
35
Joe’s 1990 album “Wildfire” was full of
autobiographical songs expressing the pain of
his childhood
Turning painful emotions into art
would be an example of sublimation, a
mature defence mechanism.
Comment:
Joe seems, on the whole, to follow Vaillant’s (1993) progression of increasingly mature
defence mechanisms, but note that the heroin addiction seems to lead him to regress to an
earlier stage and go back to a more immature defence in his mid 20s.
34
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
Blair Diagrams
Blair (2013) distinguishes two types of conduct disorder:
1. Conduct disorder with psychopathic traits—(low anxious aggression)
2. Conduct disorder associated with anxiety and emotional lability (high anxious aggression)
Choose ONE of these diagrams if you are using Blair’s theory, but only use them if you have
good reason to suspect your person has psychopathic or violent traits.
35
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
Blair Psychopath Diagram Example
Details:
1. Steve showed no remorse when he killed Stephanie. In court he “showed no emotion” when her relatives
cried giving testimony (White, 2013, p. 15).
2. Steve showed instrumental aggression on a number of occasions: if he ever needed money he would calmly
mug people in the street, always punching them first for surprise and shock (White, 2013, p. 32).
3. There are few examples of frustration based aggression in Steve – his aggression always seemed calm and pre-
meditated. But when Malcolm blocked his plans for the Brown robbery, he seemed to act in anger when he got
revenge (White, 2013, p. 201).
4. Impaired decision making on Blair’s model means problems with learning through reinforcement and
punishment. Steve often received the cane at school for stealing from other boys (Hilliers, 2001, p. 98), but this
didn’t seem to stop him; suggesting he had problems with reinforcement learning.
5. There are many examples of lack of empathy in Steve’s life: his grandfather said he didn’t seem upset when
the family dog got caught in the deer trap (Roberts, 2014, p. 77); and two of his girlfriends described him as
“cold” and “unemotional” (youtube documentary; Smith, 2003)
6. Blair hypothesises that low empathy responses to other’s distress is caused by low amygdala sensitivity, so we
can hypothesise this for Steve.
7. Blair hypothesises that poor reinforcement learning is caused by decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex
responses, so we can hypothesise this is the case for Steve. A football injury to the front of his head when he was
11 may have made this worse.
8. Steve’s mother was described as an “alcoholic” (Hilliers, 2001, p. 44). We don’t know for sure if this applied
when she was pregnant with Steve but it is possible. If so, perinatal factors may have affected Steve’s brain
development in the womb in a way that contributed to the amygdala and PFC issues.
9. Following, Blair’s model, we can hypothesise that there were genetic factors that contributed to the low
sensitivity of amygdala and PFC in brain development.
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
36
J. Lambie (2020). Lifespan Development Module
4. Seminar work you must complete to get 3 extra marks
You will be making a Lifespan Diagram in your seminars.
You need to show your diagram and explain it to one of your fellow students, and
get feedback from them about how to improve it
You also need to give feedback on someone else’s diagram (so this can be done in
pairs, or in a group of 3).
You then write a brief reflection on the feedback you received and what you did to
improve your diagram.
You include this reflection in your coursework as an appendix, and including it will
give you 3 bonus marks.
ooooweeeee
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