2.2. Translation strategies and procedures
A growing body of literature has examined translation
strategies and procedures.
As Nida (2006) mentions,
translating require specialized skills, aesthetic sensitivity
and translators must have special capacity for sensing the
closest natural equivalent of a text.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1989) listed two basic translation
methods including direct translation methods (involving
borrowing, calque and literal translation) and indirect
translation methods (with transposition, modulation,
equivalence and adaptation).
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between
translation methods and procedures, stating that while
translation methods relate to whole texts, translation
procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of
language.
The research mainly bases on Newmark’s strategies
proposed in 1988b in which he suggests several different
strategies. Due to the scope and the aim of the study, the
four translation strategies by Newmark (1988b) can be
applied for the translation of NPs as mentioned below.
2.2.1. Naturalization
This translation procedure involves adapting the source
language (SL) word to the normal pronunciation and then
to normal morphology.
2.2.2. Functional- Descriptive Translation
Function-Descriptive translation is the method which is
applied to cultural words, requires the use of a culture-free
word, sometimes with a new specific term; it is therefore
neutralizes or generalizes the SL words, and sometimes
adds a particular explanation. This procedure is applied
when SL technical words have no target language (TL)
equivalents, then a detail description is added next.
Egg: Request of Discussion- Đề xuất để khởi tạo những
nhóm tin tức và bắt đầu thảo luận trên chủ đề mà bạn chọn.
2.2.3. Reduction and expansion
This translation strategy involves adding or removing
elements in translation.
2.2.4. Shifts or transpositions
A shift or transposition is a translation procedure needed
when there is a change in the grammar form SL to TL. This
translation strategy is line in with that the strategy called
“rank-shift” by Catford (1965) or “Transposing” by Vinay and
Darbelnet (1988), both of which can be applied as important
and useful methods in technical translation, especially in
dealing with the nonequivalence of the two languages.
As Vinay and Darbelnet (1988) suggest some
transpositions to deal with this obstacle, the transposition
can be the change of word forms or sentence’s level; for
example:
SL verb
TL noun
SL clause
TL noun phrase
Eg. Transducer that measures position - bộ cảm biến đo vị trí
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