There are several types of error correction techniques. One involves the use of error correction codes such as block codes and convolutional codes, where redundant parity bits are inserted into the time domain.
In the conventional method of forward error correction, the incoming data are passed through an encoder which adds redundant parity bits. The combined set of information and parity bits are then modulated and transmitted. Upon reception, the demodulated data are subjected to a symbol-by-symbol hard decision on each demodulated symbol. The demodulated symbols are then decoded to extract the information bits with appropriate corrections as governed by parity bits.
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