2.1.6. Data collection
The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this research is the documentation method because the researcher collected the data from the novel. The data were collected by using the following steps:
1. Rending phrases in the novel entitled “A Farewell to Arms” by Ernest Hemingway.
2. Investigating the usage frequency of literary devices used in the novel “A Farewell to Arms” to illustrate Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory.
2.1.7. Data analysis
The following steps were taken while analysing the collected data:
1. Identifying the most prominent literary devices used in the novel to demonstrate Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory.
2. Identifying the author's intention behind the use of such literary devices.
2.2. The application of Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory in “A Farewell to Arms”
2.2.1. Usage frequency of literary devices manifesting Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory used in the novel “A Farewell to Arms”
No.
|
Types of literary devices
|
Usage frequency
(times)
|
Percentage
(%)
|
1
|
Symbolism
|
10
|
13,53
|
2
|
Repetition
|
Anaphora
|
19
|
57
|
25,69
|
77,02
|
Epistrophe
|
26
|
35,13
|
Symploce
|
4
|
5,40
|
Mesodiplosis
|
8
|
10,80
|
Epizeuxis
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
Parataxis
|
About 7119
(/9171 sentences)
|
|
4
|
Diction
|
Almost every page
|
|
5
|
Irony
|
3
|
4,05
|
6
|
Foreshadowing
|
4
|
5,40
|
7
|
Personification
|
0
|
0
|
8
|
Total (with the exeption of diction and parataxis)
|
74
|
100
|
Table 2.1. Usage frequency of literary devices manifesting Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory used in the novel “A Farewell to Arms”.
Table 2.1. above describes the frequency of the literary devices manifesting Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory which occurred in the novel entitled “A Farewell to Arms” by Ernest Hemingway. In total, there are 74 times that Hemingway used examined literary devices, which have a purpose to illustrate his Iceberg Theory. From the table above, we can see that diction and parataxis are the most frequent types of literary devices used in the novel. It is noted that Hemingway makes the most use of diction while writing the book, which can be clearly seen by the fact that never a page goes by without the appearance of diction. The second most used type of literary devices is parataxis, with a total number of 7119 sentences, as compared to 9171 sentences of the whole story. Repetition emerges in an outstanding way with 57 times of usage, or 77,02% while symbolism accounts for 13.53% of the aggregate number. All of other minor literary devices, including foreshadowing, irony and personification takes up 9,45% with 0% for personification. In the novel, the author Markus Zusak utilizes such literary devices for nmberous purposes, for instance, to describe the situation or the setting of the story, to describe what the characters look like, to describe the characters’ feelings... Each literary device has a different impact on the novel as well as helping deliver different messages from the author to the reader. However, they all contribute to the illustration of Hemingway’s typical Iceberg writing style.
2.2.2. Common literary devices manifesting Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory in the novel “A Farewell to Arms”
Given their huge contributions to the work, the following subsections will bring each of the four primary literary devices in the novel into the discussion, namely symbolism, repetition, diction and parataxis. In the meantime, some salient examples are also presented with detailed analysis. In spite of accounting for a mere 13,53 % of the total number of literary devices used, symbolism appears as the most conspicuous literary technique that Hemingway applied to demonstrate the Theory, helping to convey the subjective condition of Hemingway’s characters in the novel. Thus, symbolism would be the focus of the study.
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