02 Contents Frame
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40 2019 ND-CP 413905
| Land tenure
Land tenure conditions may be insecure, constituting a limiting factor, for example where the relevant laws are weak, ambiguous or inconsistent, where there is limited access to land administration services in rural areas or where records are of poor quality – or where laws may be enforced selectively. FAO (2002a), chapter 8, provides more information on such issues. Recent international trends towards improvement include the strengthening of individual private ownership or use rights in land and the partial liberalization of land markets; legal recognition of customary rights or claims to land by indigenous people and local communities; improving registration of the rights to land of individuals or communities; facilitation of access to land for the poor and those excluded from holding rights, such as women in some countries. Security of access and use may exist under different types of tenure: traditional or formal, ownership or tenancy. However, tenure security by itself does not ensure sustainable land management by the land user, as shown by the mixed results of some land reforms. The challenge is not merely providing security of tenure but also providing users with the capacity to use their land-tenure rights in ways that enhance both sustainability and rural development. Land tenure reform and development are part of the process of effective decentralization (UN 2000). Land tenure issues in rural development are addressed in a recent 50-page guide (FAO 2002b). Markets Markets provide both incentives and inputs for the farmer. However, lack of access to markets is a problem for many poor farmers. Easy market access and a steady demand for produce are critical factors determining whether a farmer will decide to Land evaluation – towards a revised framework 16 invest in improved technologies. In areas with good access to markets, farmers tend to invest time and effort in new technologies, particularly in conjunction with high-value products or crops with a well sustained demand. In isolated areas with poor access to markets there may be little incentive to produce more than required for subsistence. In such cases, low yields and low productivity may be acceptable to the farmer, and introducing technologies for increasing fertility may be perceived as irrelevant, unless the farmer is failing to meet subsistence needs. Globalization or the liberalization of the markets for agricultural products should be an opportunity for the poor, but markets can confer their benefit only to those with access to them. The poorest are almost excluded by definition, except at the lowest level of market operation. Opening markets for agricultural products has concentrated economic activities and made subsistence farming uneconomic (UNFPA 2002). Labour Labour is a major limiting resource for many farmers, so that they will only change their practices where the alternatives represent a more rational use of their labour time (Brown and Schreckenberg 1998). Various demographic changes taking place in rural areas contribute to labour shortages. Men may be migrating to cities in search of wage labour, or an increasing proportion of children may be going to school; both trends reduce the amount of household labour available for farming operations. The introduction of a technology that increases the workload but produces benefits only gradually over months or years, such as increasing soil fertility, is unlikely to be adopted by a small farmer. Farming operations are hard work, often in difficult physical conditions, and the wisdom of increasing this burden is questionable unless the benefits of the extra labour input are immediately evident to the farmer and are realized within a season. The additional labour required is a major reason why it is hard to introduce soil conservation methods based on earth structures in areas where they are not traditionally practised. Labour was also one reason why the agro-forestry technology of hedgerow intercropping (‘alley cropping’) was rarely adopted by farmers. tải về 0.57 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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