similar lines with
TuranKoÇer and Sevgili (2014)
research, the high correlation obtained among water quality index values indicated
that the proposed WQImin-c with minimum parameters (only TUR and FC parameters) was a useful tool and e
ffective method for
surface water quality determination (also, in the case study of the Shahr Chai River). Similarly,
Moscuzza et al. (2007)
used DO and
EC as the two parameters in an e
ffective method for water quality definition in Salado River.
4. Conclusion
The present study assessed the ability of the PCA technique in determining spatial and temporal changes of surface water quality
in the Shahr Chai River. Using this technique and extracting the most important indicator parameters for the water quality analysis
well estimated the e
ffects of rural, agricultural, and animal breeding activities on the river water quality. The NSFWQI results could
not clearly detect the critical stream reaches. However, based on some of the most recent studies, PCA is able to successfully relate the
results to speci
fic environmental factors, processes, and/or contamination sources. PCA findings for index calculation proved con-
clusive in discerning the a
ffected stream reach from the intensive raw sewage. The study site and its own environmental properties
proposed WQI
min-p
calculation with COD, TUR, FC and TC as a suitable method for assessing rural impacts. However, TUR and FC are
more representative parameters than the other ones. Using these two parameters as system representatives, the WQI
min-c
method will
be an e
fficient way (in terms of its cost-, time- and effort-saving nature) and an undoubtedly fundamental means to productive and
e
ffective water quality monitoring. The combination of PCA technique and WQI
min
could recognize spatial and temporal water
quality changes. The results showed that reduced river
flows and increased pollution values and agricultural drainage water de-
pletions e
ffected considerable changes in the Shahr Chai river downstream quality. Lack of necessary infrastructure and proper
management caused environmental pollution at the Band region. Our study emphasized the recent increases in the pollution level of
the Shahr Chai River, especially at the downriver sites and during low-
flow periods.
References
APHA, AWW, AWEF, 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, 19th edition. American Water
Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington DC, 20005
.
APHA, AWW, AWEF, 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
.
Bolstad, P.V., Swank, W.T., 1997. Cumulative impacts of landuse on water quality in a southern Appalachian watershed. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 33 (3), 519
–533
.
Brown, R.M., McLelland, N.J., Deininger, R.A., Tozer, R.G., 1970. A water quality index- do we dare? Water & Sewage Works. October: 339
–343
.
CCME, 2001. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Canadian Water Quality Index 1.0 Technical Report. Canadian Environmental
Quality Guidelines, Winnipeg, Manitoba
.
Debels, P., Figueroa, R., Urrutia, R., et al., 2005. Evaluation of water quality in the Chillan River (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modi
fied
water quality index. Environ. Monit. Assess. 110, 301
–322
.
Energy Ministry, West Azerbaijan Water Co, 2011. Designing and Executing Shahr Chai Water Quality Monitoring Network. (In Persian)
.
Horton, R.K., 1965. An index number system for rating water quality. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 37 (3), 300
–306
.
Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.S., et al., 2007. Application of Water Quality Indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classi
fication and urban impact
assessment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 132, 93
–110
.
KurunÇ, A., Yurekli, K., Özturk, F., 2005. E
ffect of discharge fluctuation on water quality variables from the yeşilırmak river. Tarim bilimleri dergisi 11 (2), 189–195
.
Massoud, M.A., 2010. Assessment of water quality along a recreational section of the Damour River in Lebanon using the water quality index. Environ. Monit. Assess.
184, 4151
–4160
.
Moscuzza, C., Volpedo, A.V., Ojeda, C., et al., 2007. Water Quality Index as a tool for river assessment in agricultural areas in the Pampean plants of Argentina. Journal
of Urban and Environmental Engineering 1 (1), 18
–25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2007.
ISSN 1982
–3932, v1n1.018025.
Moss, B., 2008. Water pollution by agriculture. Philos. TR Soc. B 363, 659
–666
.
Neal, C., Jarvie, H.P., 2005. Agriculture, community, river eutrophication and the Water Framework Directive. Hydrol. Process. 19, 1895
–1901
.
Olsen, R.L., Rick, W., Chappell, R.W., Loftis, J.C., 2012. Water quality sample collection, data treatment and results presentation for principal components analysis a
literature review and Illinois River watershed case study. Water Res. 46, 3110
–3122
.
Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizzab, P., Wuc, Q.T., et al., 2006. Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Waterresearch 40, 3800
–3810
.
Pesce, S.F., Wunderlin, D.A., 2000. Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of Cordoba city (Argentina) on Suqú ya River. Water Res. 34, 2915
–2926
.
Sharma, D., Kansal, A., 2011. Water quality analysis of River Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory, India (2000
–2009). Appl. Water Sci. 1,
147
–157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-011-0011-4
.
Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., et al., 2004. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River
(India): A case study. Water Res. 38 (18), 3980
–3992
.
TuranKoÇer, M.A., Sevgili, H., 2014. Parameters selection for water quality index in the assessment of the environmental impacts of land-based trout farms. Ecol. Indic.
36, 672
–681
.
Fig. 6. Regression diagrams between NSFWQI and WQI
min-c
scores (a: based on the data of all the sampling stations; b: based on the SH4 data).
K. Zeinalzadeh, E. Rezaei
Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn: