Ôn tập anh văN 12 hkii unit 9 : deserts grammar I. Connectives: and, but, however, or, so, therefore



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Đề cương ôn tập học kỳ 2- Môn Tiếng Anh 12 Trường THPT Quang Trung

ÔN TẬP ANH VĂN 12 - HKII

UNIT 9 : DESERTS

GRAMMAR

I. Connectives: AND, BUT, HOWEVER, OR, SO, THEREFORE,

1. Từ nối AND

Từ nối AND được dùng để nối hay thành phần cùng loại của câu )danh từ, động từ, tính từ, trạng từ…)



Ví dụ: He has a house and a dog. (danh từ)

She sang and danced happily. (động từ)

They are pretty and intelligent. (tính từ)

We listened to him attentively and enthusiastically. (trạng từ chỉ thể cách)

He goes to school in the morning and in the afternoon. (trạng từ chỉ thời gian)

We study English at home and at school. (trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn)



2. Từ nối BUT

Từ nối BUT được dùng để giới thiệu một từ, một cụm từ hay một mệnh đề tương phản lại từ, cụm từ hay mẹnh đề đã được nói trước trong câu.



Ví dụ: By the end of the day he was tired but happy.

I got it wrong. It wasn’t the red one but the blue one.

She was poor but she was honest.

We were tired but we continued to work.

He was cleverbut his friends thought he was stupid.

He was feeling bad. He went to work, however.



3. Từ nối HOWEVER (tuy nhiên)

Từ nối HOWEVER được dùng để giới thiệu một câu tương phản với những gì đã nói trước đó. HOWEVER có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc tách ra giữa câu bằng hai dấu chấm phẩy.



Ví dụ: He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.

We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered come errors.



4. Từ nối OR (hoặc)

a. Từ nối OR dùng để nêu lên một khả năg khác của các thành phần cùng loại trong câu

Ví dụ: Is your mother taller or shorter than your aunt?

Is it a boy or a girl?

Do you go to school in the morning or in the afternoon?

Do they live in the city or in the country?

b. Từ nối OR được dùng trong câu phủ định khi đề cập đến hai hay nhiều thứ khác nhau.

He can’t read or write.

There are people without homes, jobs or family.

5. Từ nối SO

a. Dùng để chỉ lý do.

Ví dụ: I felt sleepy so I went to bed.

He was hungry so he stopped working and went home.



b. Dùng để chỉ kết quả.

Ví dụ: We didn’t hear anything from him so we began to feel worried.

We worked hard so we passed our examination with excellent results.



c. Dùng để chỉ mục đích

I will give you a map so you won’t get lost.

She talked to her so she wouldn’t feel lonely.

6. Từ nối THEREFORE

Từ nối THEREFORE dùng để giới thiệu kết quả hợp lô-gíc của một cái gì đó đã được đề cập đến trước đó.



Ví dụ: He’s only 17 years old and therefore not eligible to vote.

Nó chỉ mới 17 tuổi vì vậy chưa được đi bầu cử.

There is still much to discuss. We shall, therefore, return to this item at our next meeting.



Vẫn còn nhiều cái để thảo luận. Vì vậy chúng ta cần trở lại với việc này trong lần họp đến

TEST 9

Unit 9: DESERTS


  1. PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word whoseunderline part is pronounc differently from that of the others in the

1. A. circle B. center C. census D. cancel

2. A. area B. arise C. arrange D. arrive

3. A. dessert B. desert C. deserve D. December

4. A. roughly B. tough C. enough D. cough

5. A. gently B. germ C. gear D. gene




  1. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence.

6. They made an aerial survey; that is, they made a survey .

A. by ship B. by plane C. on foot D. by telescope

7. ‘Hummock grasses grow in loose sand on the crest'. The word 'crest' in this sentence is closest in meaning to

A. 'side' B. 'bottom' C. 'top' D. 'inside'

8. Eight kilometers is equivalent to five miles.

A. exactly B. roughly C. rarely D. precisely

9. Older people a large proportion of those living in poverty.

A. comprise B. consist C. compose D. compound

10. She has the windows open, cold it is outside.

A. however B. therefore C. but D. so

11. There is still much to discuss. We shall, , return to this item at our next meeting.

A. therefore B. moreover C. although D. so that

12. The sea was dangerous, we didn't go in for a swim.

A. since B. but C. so D. as

13. The new trains have more powerful engines and are faster.

A. therefore B. however C. nevertheless D. nonetheless

14. It was cold and wet. , Paul put on his swimming suit and went to the beach.

A. Although B. Therefore C. However D. Because

15. I had no choice to sign the contract.

A. despite B. but C. without D. unless

16. You can dress you like.

A. whomever B. therefore C. however D. nevertheless

17. hard he tried, he couldn't open the door.

A. Therefore B. However C. Although D. Despite

18. We took a map with us .

A. so that we would get lost

B. so that we wouldn't get lost

C. so that we won't get lost

D. in order to get lost

19. We'll buy everything you produce reasonable.

A. provided B. so C. only D. except

20. Sunglasses come many different colors, shapes, and strengzths.

A. with B. from C. by D. in

21. You are expected the safety regulations of the school.

A. know B. to know C. knowing D. being known

22. his father, he is a biologist.

A. Like B. Alike C. The same D. As

23. Everyone happy at the last meeting.

A. are B. were C. was D. is

24. Did you paint it yourself or did you it painted?

A. make B. do C. have D. ask

25. We drive fast; we have plenty of time.

A. can't B. needn't C. mustn't D. oughtn't

26. If you there what would you have done? ,

A. were B. had been C. would be D. would have been

27. They'll be able to walk across the river .

A. if the ice will be thick enough B. unless the ice is thick enough

C. if the ice is thick enough D. when the ice will be thick enough

28. Please call if you're going to arrive .

A. as late B. late C. lately D. later than

29. Nobody knew Uncle Ben was coming to see us. He arrived .

A. unexpecting B. unexpected C. unexpectedly D. expectantly

30. 'He is back already.' 'He very early.'

A. should have started B. must have started

C. shouldn't have started D. can't have started

31. We expected that our team , but it didn't.

A. will win the game B. can win the game

C. would win the game D. will be winning the game

32. You can see the details the computer screen.

A. in B. on C. at D. by

33. Don't walk too fast. I can't keep you.

A. on to B. on with C. up to D. up with

34. Rita is not used on her own.

A. for living B. to live C. with living D. to living

35. He bought a ticket .

A. and his brother did either B. but his brother didn't, too

C. and so his brother bought D. and so did his brother




  1. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected.

36. A study of the difference between synthetic and natural vitamins are needed.

37. You must take quickly the test in order to finish in time.

38. Most vacationers can't stand traveling in packed cars or stay in dirty hotel rooms.

39. That's the best exhibition I've never seen.

40. Jack is looking for another job for he says he is really fed up of doing the same thing every day.


  1. Choose the item (A, B, C or D) that best completes the unfinished statement (or best answers the question) about each passage.

The size and location of the world's deserts are always changing.

Over millions of years, as climates change and mountains rise, new dry and wet areas develop. But within the last 100 years, deserts have been growing at a "frightening" speed. This is partly because of natural changes, but the greatest desert makers are humans.

In developing countries, 90 percent of the people use wood for cooking and heating. They cut down trees for firewood. But trees are important. They cool the land under them and keep the sun off the smaller plants. When leaves fall from a tree, they make the land richer. When the trees are gone, the smaller plants die, and there is nothing but sand. Yet people must use firewood, raise animals, and grow crops in order to live.

Humans can make deserts, but humans can also prevent their growth.

Algeria planted a green wall of trees across the edge. of the Sahara to' stop the desert sand from spreading. Mauritania planted a similar wall around Nouakchott, the capital. Iran puts a thin covering of petroleum on sandy areas and plants trees. The oil keeps the water and small ir the land, and men on motorcycles keep the sheep and goats away. Other countries build long canals to bring water to desert areas.

Yet land that will probably become desert in the future equals the size of Australia, the United States, and the former Soviet Union together. Can people stop the growth of the world's deserts and save the land that is so essential to life?

41. Most people in developing countries .

A. planted trees on the edge of the deserts B. cook on wood fires

C. put oil on sandy areas D. raise sheep and goats

42. We can infer that men on motorcycles keep the sheep and goats away so that .

A. they won't eat the small trees B. they won't destroy the covering of oil

C. they won't drink water in the canals D. they won't blow the sand away

43. When all the trees in an area are cut down, .

A. their leaves make the land richer B. the smaller plants can grow better

C. they cool the land under their leaves D. there is nothing left but sand

44. The word "frightening" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to .

A. “awful” B. "extremely fast"

C. “powerful” D. "wonderful"

45. According to the passage, which of the following is the most important cause of desertification?

A. The change of climate B. The spread of deserts

C. Human activities D. Cattle destroying trees

V. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C, or D) that best fits each space in the following passage.

Desertification

The Sahara Desert is growing by 10km each year. The whole earth gets 600km2 of desert area more every year. This process is called "desertification." This term started being (46)__________in the 1950s.

The idea of desertification was first known in the 1930s. Much of the Great Plains grew very dry (47)______________a result of drought and poor farming techniques. It was called the "Dust Bowl." Millions were forced to leave their farms and their ways of life. Since then, (48)______________have been great improvements in farming practices in the Great Plains. These have prevented the "Dust Bowl" disaster (49)________again.

Grazing is one worry. Cows do two things to the soil. First, they eat grasses and plants that hold the soil in place. Second, their hooves break down the top layer of soil. The result is that the good soil can be blown away by the wind. The dirt (50)___________behind is not good for growing.

46. A. use B. used C. to use D. using

47. A. as B. for C. by D. with

48. A. it B. they C. there D. those

49. A. to occur B. to occurring C. of occurring D. from occurring

50. A. leaves B. to leave C. left D. leaving

********************************************************************************************************************

UNIT 10

GRAMMAR

Các động từ như: must, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would… được gọi là khiếm khuyết động từ vì những động từ này không có cùng đặc điểm giống như những động từ thường khác. Chúng chỉ có một dạng động từ. Chúng không được chia bằng cách them “ing” cho thì hiện tại tiếp diễn hay dùng ở thể present participle (hiện tại hoàn thành) hay thêm “ed” ở thì quá khứ hay ở thể past participle (quá khứ hoàn thành) hay them “s” ở ngôi thứ ba số ít.



Ví dụ:

He can speak English, not He cans speak English.

She will try and visit us tomorrow, not she wills try and visit us tomorrow.

Lưu ý trong hai ví dụ trên, modal verds được theo bởi động từ nguyên mẫu không có “to”, ngoại trừ các modal verbs “ought to” và “used to”.

Câu hỏi với động từ này được thành lập không bằng cách sử dụng trợ động từ “do” hoặc “does” ở thì hiện tại và “did” ở thì quá khứ. Thay vì đó chính bản thân các modal verds này được đảo ra trước chủ ngữ để thành lập câu hỏi.

Ví du: Can I speak to you?

Should I visit him?

Thể phụ định được thành lập bằng cách them “not” hoặc “-n’t” sau modal verds chứ không phải dùng do/ does hay did.

1. MUST

a. MUST diễn tả sự bắt buộc do người nói đưa ra.

Mother: You must clean the house before going to bed.

Mother: You must wear a dress tonight. Tou can’t go to the opera in those dreadful jeans

Employer: You must use a dictionary. I’m tired of correcting your spelling mistakes.

So sánh: Have to cũng diễn tả sự bắt buộc nhưng là sự bắt buộc do điều kiện khách quan.

You have to wear uniform on duty, don’t you?

You have to rain train very hard for these big matches, I suppose.

You’ll have to get up earlier when you start work, won’t you?



b. MUST được sử dụng trong các mệnh lệnh viết hoặc các hướng dẫn sử dụng.

Railway company: Passengers must cross the line by the footbridge.

Office manager: Staff must be at their desks by 9.00.

Regulation: A trailer must have two rear lamps.

So sánh: Khi ta chỉ đơn thuần nêu lên hoặc bình luận về sự bắt buộc của người khác thì ta dùng “have to”.

In this office even the senior staff have to be at their desks by 9.00.

She has to make her children’s clothes. She can’t afford to buy them.

They’ll have to send a diver down to examine the hull.



c. Đối với chủ từ là ngôi thứ nhất thì sự khác nhau giữa MUST và HAVE TO không đáng kể và ta có thể dùng MUST hoặc HAVE TO với cùng nghĩa.

I must/ will have to buy a dictionary.

I must/ will have to cut down on my smoking.

Nhưng để diễn tả thói quen thì ta dùng HAVE TO.

I have to make two of these pills a day.

Lưu ý riêng với modal verb MUST (phải), khi them NOT vào sau động từ này ý nghĩa không giống như câu phủ định của câu khẳng định mà ý nghĩa đã thay đổi.



Ví dụ: You must keep silent. Em phải giữ yên lặng.

You must not keep silent. Em không đuợc giữ yên lặng.

“Must not” diễn tả một điều cấm:

“không được làm gì” chứ không phải là “không phải làm gi”.



Ví dụ: We must not drive on the feft in Vietnam.

Ở Việt Nam chúng ta không được lái xe bên trái.

You must not make noise in class.

Các em không được làm ồn trong lớp.

Muốn diễn đạt ý “không phải làm gi” các em phải chuyển qua dùng “have to”.

Ví dụ: You must keep silent. Các em phải giữ yên lặng.

You don’t have to keep silent. Các em không phải giữ yên lặng.



2. NEED

a. NEED có thể được dùng như một động từ thường hoặc động từ khiếm khuyết.

b. Khi NEED là động từ khiếm khuyết thì nó ít khi được dùng ở thể khẳng định ngoại trừ khi động từ đi trước nó đã được dùng ở thể phủ định hoặc nghi vấn.

I needn’t wear a coat or I don’t suppose I need wear a coat.

Need I tell Tom? Or Do you think I need tell Tom?

Ta có thể dùng NEED với các trạng từ như hardly/ scarcely/ only.

I need hardly say how pleased we are to welcome him.

(I need’t say how pleased we are to welcome him.)

You need only touch one of the pictures for all the alarm bells to start.

(If you even touch one of the pictures all the bells…)



c. NEEDN’T không đổi khi chuyển sang câu tường thuật.

“You needn’t pay till the 31st,’’ he said.

He said that I needn’t pay till the 31st.

3. MAY

a. Dùng để diễn đạt một khả năng nào đó có thể xảy ra.

Ví dụ: This may or may not be true. Điều này có thể đúng hoặc có thể không.

He may like going to the village fair.



Có thể anh ấy thích đi hội trợ làng.

She may understand your situation and help you.



Có thể cô ấy hiểu được hoàn cảnh của anh và giúp anh.

b. Dùng để xin phép

Ví dụ: May I come in? Tôi vào được chứ ạ?

You may come in if you wish. Anh có thể vào nếu anh muốn.



c. Dùng trong lời chúc

Ví dụ: May you have merry Christmas. Chúc anh Giáng sinh vui vẻ.

May you be healthy and happy. Chúc bạn mạnh khoẻ và hạnh phúc.



4. MIGHT:

a. Được dùng như là hình thức quá khứ của MAY khi tường thuật lại lời nói của ai.

Ví dụ: He said he might come tomorrow.

Anh ấy bảo là ngày mai anh ấy có thể đến.

They said they might be here fỏ the festival.



Họ bảo là họ có thể đến đây để tham dự lễ hội.

b. Dùng để diễn tả một khả năng có thể có được.

Ví dụ: He might get there in time, but I am not sure.

Có thể anh ấy đến đó đúng giờ, nhưng tôi cũng không chắc lắm.

He might say that now but he can soon change his mind.



Có thể anh ấy nói điều đó bây giờ nhưng chẳng bao lâu sau lại thay đổi ý kiến.

c. Dùng trong câu đề nghị một cách lịch sự.

Ví dụ: You might try doing it again. Bạn thử làm lại xem sao.

I thought we might go to the zoo on Saturday.



Tớ nghĩ là chúng ta hãy đi sở thú vào thứ bảy này đi.

d. Dùng để xin phép một cách lịch sự.

Ví dụ: Might I use your phone? Cho phép tôi sử dụng điện thoại của anh nhé?

If I might just say something… Cho phép tôi được nói vài lời…


Unit 10: ENDANGERED SPECIES


  1. PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word whose main stress is put syllable from that of the others in the group.

1. A. agency B. awareness C. protection D. endanger

2. A. classify B. seriously C. identify D. temperature
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in the group.

3. A. remind B. driven C. derive D. survive

4. A. special B. specify C. species D. spectrum

5. A. reduced B. caused C. damaged D. preserved



  1. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence.

6. Development of the area would wildlife.

A. danger B. dangerous C. endanger D. dangerously

7. Migrant workers are to exploitation.

A. eager B. vulnerable C. available D. considerate

8. He great pleasure from his work.

A. derived B. survived C. revived D. devised

9. The sea turtle is among the species; it is m danger of extinction.

A. common B. normal C. abundant D. rare

10. In times of I know which friends I can turn to.

A. pleasure B. joy C. fortune D. crisis

11. We open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations.

A. must B. mustn't C. needn't D. should

12. I arrive on time, so please start dinner without me.

A. could B. may C. may not D. should

13. " you hand that book, please?" "Sure. Here it is."

A. Could B. Should C. Must D. May

14. "Are these gloves necessary?" "Yes. You use this chemical without gloves. It will burn your skin."

A. must not B. don't have to

C. could not D. need not

15. You clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow.

A. don't have B. must C. mustn't D. needn't

16. Carl studied harder; he failed the test again.

A. must have B. should have

C. could have D. needn't have

17. "Would you like to go with me to the Williams' wedding next month?" "I'm not sure.


I be too busy with school work."

A. will B. might C. maybe D. should

18. We to take a taxi. Otherwise we'll be late.

A. would rather B. had better

C. must have D. will have

19. These pills will surely your pam.

A. ease B. easy C. easily D. easiness

20. His health would be improved .

A. if he continued to smoke heavily

B. unless he stopped smoking heavily

C. if he gave up smoking

D. if only he doesn't smoke any more .

21. to the skin, they eventually got to the station.

A. Soaked B. Soaking C. To soak D. Having soaked

22. It's no good to him; he never answers letters.

A. write B. to write C. writing D. for writing

23. 'How can I get to the post office?' 'Turn right the end of this street and you'll see it in front of you.'

A. of B. at C. on D. in

24. I've lost the key. I ought it in a safe place.

A. that I put B. to be putting C. to have put D. to put

25. I don't know why Tom is always a hurry.

A. at B. on C. in D. with

26. Mark failed his driving test for the third time .

A. even though his many hours of practice

B. because of his practicing very hard

C. instead of having practiced very hard

D. despite his many hours of practice

27. By the time we reach New York on Friday, we over 60 hours traveling.

A. have spent B. will spend

C. will have spent D. will be spending

28. Have you seen any good films ?

A. already B. ever C. lately D. now

29. Can I look a word in your" dictionary? I left mine at home.

A. up B. in C. on D. after

30. I couldn't understand' what he said, and .

A. so could Stella B. neither could Stella

C. neither couldn't Stella D. Stella couldn't, too

31. All things , Professor Taylor is the best instructor I've ever had.

A. considered B. to consider C. considering D. considerable

32. It's getting more and to find a cheap apartment.

A. difficult B. more difficult

C. less difficult D. more difficult than

33. Tam, the boy who sat beside me in class, used to wear shirt to school.

A. an old cotton white B. a white cotton old

C. a cotton old white D. an old white cotton

34. The sun was shining I woke up this morning.

A. if B. because C. unless D. when

35. He's very busy with his business. He has time for his family.

A. a few B. a little C. much D. little


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