Lesson 1: tenses ( Các thì ) simple present:

Affir : S+V1 /Vs, es	Ex : Water boils at 100o c.
Neg: S+ do/ does + not+ V1	Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry.
Inter: Do/ does+ S + V1 …?	Ex : How often do you go to school?

*(Be):am, is, are + not ; (have):has/ have + not = do / does + not + have

 Thói quen,hoạt động hằng ngày, phong tục, tập quán.

 Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên.

 Xuất xứ, quốc tịch

* Vị trí của trạng từ trong câu:

 Trước động từ thường (Ex: His wife never cooks)

 Sau động từ tobe và các trợ động từ.(Ex: I am never late for school.)

- Các động từ tận cùng là : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z .

S + am/ is/ are + Ving	Ex: We are studying English now.
S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving	Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes.
Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving ?	Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?

 2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi).

 1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V₁/ V_{s, es})

 Hành động đang xảy ra ,sau câu mệnh lệnh ( Look Listen, Be careful, Be quiet, …)

Ex: Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room.

 1 dự định trong tương lai, 1 sắp xếp có kế hoạch, thường dùng với: go, move, come, arrive, leave, travel,

Ex: He is leaving early tomorrow morning.

Với : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW
3. PRESENT PERFECT: ( HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH )

S + has/ have + V3ed	Ex: I’ve just opened the door. Ex: We have studied English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + V3ed	Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently.
Has/ Have + S + V3ed?	Ex: How long have you studied English?

Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk không rõ tgian.

 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra gần đây.

 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.
Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc Tgian, FOR + khoảng Tgian, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…

* Dùng với các cụm từ: This is the first time, this is the second time, dùng trong cấu trúc: That( This) is the best …. that + S + has/ have + V₃^ed

Ex: We have been studying English for many years.

( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục, không gián đoạn của hành động)

* Một số động từ thường dùng:learn, lie, live, sit, rain, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, teach, stay
5. SIMPLE PAST ( QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN )

S + V2ed	Ex: I saw him yesterday.
S + did + not + V1	Ex: She didn’t come last week.
Did + S + V1 ?	Ex: Did Mr. Lee phone an hour ago?

*(Be) : was / were  wasn’t, weren’t

- Thói quen trong quá khứ

- Kể lại 1 câu chuyện trong quá khứ.

Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…), THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY, in + tgian ở quá khứ.
6. PAST CONTINUOUS (Q KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN)

S + was/ were + Ving	Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pm yesterday.
S + was/ were + not + Ving	Ex:I was writing while my father was reading.
Was / were + S + Ving ?	Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang.

 2 hđộng diễn ra // ở Qk. (while: trong khi)

 1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy ra (S + V₂^ed)

Với: AT THIS TIME, AT THAT MOMENT…

1. AS / WHEN + S + was/ were + Ving, S + V2ed	EX: I was talking to her when her mother got home.
2. S + was/ were + Ving + Whlie + S + was/ were + Ving	EX: She was playing chess while they were cooking lunch.

7. PAST PERFECT (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH)

S + had + V3ed
S + had + not + V3ed
Had + S + V3ed ?

Ex: Last night I went to bed after I had done my homework.

A / S + HAD + V₃ / V_ed + BEFORE + S + V₂ / _ed

Ex: They had phoned me before they came here.

B / S + V₂ / _ED + AFTER + S + HAD + V₃ / V_ED

Ex: I went to school after I had had breakfast.

S + will / shall + V1	Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow.
S + will / shall + not + V1	Ex: I won’t buy it tomorrow.
Will / Shall + S + V1?	Ex: Will you buy it tomorrow?

 Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V₁…? ); Đề nghị ( Shall I / we + V₁ …?)

S + WILL BE + V-ing

Ex: We will be playing badminton at 9:00 a.m tomorrow.

Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.

S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing

( Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ kéo dài đến một thời điểm cho trước trong tương lai )

Ex: By the end of this school year, I will have been teaching at Chu Van An High School for 9 years.

* Notes:

1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V₁ : sẽ, sắp sửa, dự định…

+ Dùng diễn tả 1 dự định, kế hoạch được xếp đặt trước

Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow.

 Be : Ex: I am a student now.

 Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look (trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize.

 Những động từ chỉ về cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive Những động từ chỉ về lí trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, mind, expect, recollect. Những động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin, continue, finish…

…………………………………………………………………***……………………………………………

EXERCISE

I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. We ( finish ) our dinner hafl an hour ago. =>

2. The farmers ( work ) in the field now. =>

3. My father ( live ) in London. He ( be ) there for 20 years. =>

4. She paid for her tickets and ( leave ). =>

5. Mrs Green always ( go ) to work by bus. =>

6. She ( sit ) under a tree when it ( begin ) to rain. => =>

7. How many times ( you / see ) him since him went to Edinburgh. =>

8. Mr Davy ( work ) in the same place for thirty five years and he is not planning retire yet. =>

9. River usually ( flow ) to the sea. =>

10. By next week they ( finish ) resurfacing the road. =>

11. Water ( boil ) at 100 degrees Celsius. =>

12. The phone ( ring ) suddenly while Joanne was doing the housework. =>

13. Before Jennifer won the lottery, she ( not / enter ) any kind of contest. =>

14. I ( see) this film several times. =>

15. He ( live ) in Ho Chi Minh City during last summer. =>

16. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door. =>

17. Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in the book. =>

18. That house ( belong) to Mr Green. =>

19. Rivers usually (flow) to the sea. =>

20. I (move) to Ho Chi Minh city 3 years ago to learn English. => =>

21. When I ( arrive ) this house, he still ( sleep). => =>

22. The light (go out) when we (have) dinner. =>

23. Bill ( have) breakfast when I (stop) at this house this morning. => =>

24. As we (cross) the street, we (see) an accident. => =>

25. Tom (see) a serious accident while he (stand) at the bus stop. => =>

1. He always …………… for a walk in the evening.

A. go B. is going C. goes D. going

2. Her brother …………… in Canada at present.

A. working B. works C. is working D. work

3. He has been selling motorcycles……………

A. ten years ago B. since ten years C. for ten years ago D. for ten years

4. Columbus…….America more then 400 years ago.

A. discovered B. has discovered C. had discovered D. he has gone

5. He fell down when he ……towards the church.

A. run B. runs C. was running D. had run

6. They …….pingpong when their father comes back home.

A. will play B. will be playing C. play D. would play

7. By Christmas, I……..for you for 6 months.

A. Shall have been working B. shall work

C. have been working D. shall be working

8. I…….in the room now.

A. am being B. was being C. have been being D. am

9. I……..to New york three times this year.

A. have been B. was C. were D. had been

10. I will come and see you before I……..for America.

A. leave B. will leave C. have left D. shall leave

11. The little girl asked what…..to her friend.

A. has happened B. happened C. had happened D. would have been happened

12. John ……a book when I saw him.

A. is reading B. read C. was reading D. reading

13. My sister…….for you since yesterday.

A. is looking B. was looking C. has been looking D. looked

14. When I last saw him, he…….in London.

A. has lived B. is living C. was living D. has been living

15. After I………lunch, I looked for my bag.

A. had B. had had C. have has D. have had

16. By the end of next year, Geoge………English for 2 years.

A. will have learned B. will learn C. has learned D. would learn

17. The man got out the car,………round to the back and opened the boot.

A. walking B. walked C. walks D. walk

18. For several years his ambition………to be a pilot.

A. is B. has been C. was D. had been

19. He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he …….dinner.

A. finish B. finishes C. will finish D. shall have finished

20. Before you asked, the letter……….

A. was written B. had been written C. had written D. has been written

21. Ask her to come and see me when she ………her work.

A. finish B. has finished C. finished D. finishing

22. Almost everyone……for home by the time we arrived.

A. leave B. left C. eaves D. had left

23. While her husband was in the army, Janet ……. to him twice a week.

A. was writing B. wrote C. was written D. had written

24. I have never played badminton before.This is the first time I……..to play.

A. try B. tried C. have tried D. am trying

25. Since……,I have heard nothing from him.

A. he had left B. he left C. he has left D. he was left

26. I don’t understand this sentence.What…………………….?

A. does mean this word B. have this word mean

C. means this word D. does this word mean

27. John……..tennis once or twice a week.

A. usually play B. is usually playing C. usually plays D. have usually played

28. I …….for Christine. Do you know where she is?

A. look B. looked C. am looking D. looks

29. At 5 o’clock yesterday evening, I………my clothes.

A. am ironing B. have ironed C. ironed D. was ironing

30. I……..along the street when I suddenly heard footsteps behind me.

A. was walking B. am walking C. walk D. walked

31. She ……..German for two years.

A. has learnt B. is learning C. learn D. learns

32. The earth……… round the sun.

A. go B. has gone C. went D. goes

33. Look! That man………..to open the door of your car.

A. try B. tried C. is trying D. has tried

34. I……..here at the end of the month.

A. will leave B. would leave C. would have left D. is leaving

35. The children are still ill but they _____ better gradually.

A. get B. getting C. are get D. are getting

36. I …………… my report when you entered the hall.

A. made B. have been makin C. was making D. have made

37. They …………… the newwords yesterday from three to seven.

A. learnt B. have been learning C. have learnt D. were learning
38. She …………… this exercise yesterday at 8 o’clock.

A. wrote B. has written C. has been writing D. was writing

39. My mother often …………… morning excercises.

A. do B. does C. doing D. has done

40. At last the bus came.We ………..for half an hour.

A. waited B. was waiting C. have waited D. had been waiting

………………………………………………………………***………………………………………………
LESSON 2: PHONOLOGY ( NGỮ ÂM )

Cách phát âm chữ “s” ở cuối:

- s được đọc là /s/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: / p/ , /t/ , /k/, /f/ , /θ/

- s được đọc là /z/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: /b/, /n/, /g/, /l/, /d/, /v/, /m/, /r/, /η/, /ð/ và các nguyên âm

- es được đọc là /iz/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: /s/, /z/, /∫/, /t∫/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/

- ed được đọc là /t/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: / p/ , /s/ , /k/, /f/ , /θ/, / /, /t/,

- ed được đọc là /d/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: /b/, /n/, /g/, /l/, /v/, /m/, /r/, /η/, /ð/ và các nguyên âm

- ed được đọc là /id/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: / t/ , /d/ .

*Lưu ý: một số tính từ tận cùng la – ed hoặc trạng từ tận cùng là – edly thì ed được phát âm là /id/ :naked, wicked, crooked, ragged, rugged, learned, deservedly, supposedly, markedly, allegedly.

Khi gặp gạch dưới chữ S :
Bình thường chữ s phát âm là /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ là :
s đọc /z/các chữ sau:busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison..
-Chữ s đọc / ʃ / : sugar,sure
Đối với chữ CH
- CH đọc /t/ là bình thường
- CH đọc : /k/ gồm các chữ sau: chemist, ache, Christmas, mechanic, architect, character …

- CH đọc là / ʃ / : machine, champagne, chamois, chalet, charade ,...

* Silent consanant (âm câm)

(Chú ý: có từ không tuân theo quy tắc này: timber...)

* Stress ( DẤU NHẤN )

_ Các từ có 2 âm tiết:

+ Trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất nếu đó là danh từ hoặc tính từ : yellow, person, patient, future

+ Trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 nếu đó là động từ: predict, create, delay, ...

- Những từ có 3 âm tiết trở lên:

_ Những từ có đuôi là: TY, PHY, CY, SY, ATE, UTE, UDE, LOGY, OUS, AL, TUDE, ETY, ICAL, LOGY, GRAPHY, METRY, NOMY thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 3 từ cuối lên: comMUnicate, PROphecy, interNAtional, INstitute ...

_ Những từ có đuôi: TION, XION, CION, SION, IC, URE, IOUS, EOUS, CIAL, IAN, ITY, IOUR, IOR, ORY, UTY, có trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 từ dưới lên : ecoNOmic, dePAture, PREcious, inforMAtion, aBIlity, eQUAlity, iDENtity, ...

_ Những từ kết thúc bằng đuôi ADE, EE, EER, ESE, OO, OON, SELF, thì trọng âm rơi vào chính nó : employEE, carEER, bamBOO, chiNESE, ...

The pronunciation of the endings: -s/es and -ed

1. A. talked B. naked C. asked D. liked

2. A. worked B. stopped C. forced D. wanted

3. A. lays B. says C. stays D. plays

4. A. waited B. mended C. naked D. faced

5. A. promises B. devises C. surprises D. realises

6. A. houses B. faces C. horses D. places

7. A. naked B. sacred C. needed D. walked

8. A. asks B. breathes C. breaths D. hopes

9. A. kissed B. helped C. forced D. raised

10. A. sees B. sports C. pools D. trains

11. A. naked B. beloved C. helped D. wicked

12. A. ticked B. checked C. booked D. sacred

13. A. tombs B. lamps C. brakes D. invites

14. A. books B. floors C. combs D. drums

15. A. investigates B. provides C. clothes D. paths

16. A. confused B. faced C. cried D. defined

17. A. trays B. says C. bays D. days

18. A. kissed B. pleased C. increased D. ceased

19. A. devoted B. suggested C. provided D. wished

20. A. closes B. loses C. loves D. chooses

Stressed syllabe
Exercise 2:

1. A. individual B. reputation C. experience D. scientific

2. A. carpenter B. revise C. ignore D. traditional

3. A. marvelous B. position C. separate D. government

5. A. contain B. poisonous C. chemical D. scientist

6. A. discover B. unhealthy C. amount D. realise

7. A. avoid B. gesture C. permit D. exact

8. A. determine B. supportive C. conical D. performance
9. A. counterpart B. million C. recognize D. detective
10. A. operation B. official C. community D. efficiency

11. A. arrangement B. distinguish C. theorist D. collective