Các mẫu nhân tố (Factorial Designs)


Least squares versus maximum likelihood estimation methods



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Least squares versus maximum likelihood estimation methods


Two different approaches for estimating population parameters from a random sample. The need to choose between these two methods primarily occurs in Minitab's reliability commands and Analyze Variability.

Least squares method


Least squares estimates are calculated by fitting a regression line to the points from a data set that has the minimal sum of the deviations squared (least square error). In reliability analysis, this is plotted on a probability plot which can make interpretation easier.

Maximum likelihood method


The likelihood function indicates how likely the observed sample is a function of possible parameter values. Therefore, maximizing the likelihood function determines the parameters that are most likely to produce the observed data. From a statistical point of view, MLE is generally recommended for large samples because it is versatile, applicable to most models and different types of data, and produces the most precise estimates.

Comparison


In many cases, the differences between the LS and MLE results are minor, and the methods can be used interchangeably. You may want to run both methods and see whether the results confirm one another. If the results differ, you may want to determine why. Otherwise, you may want to use the more conservative estimates or consider the advantages of both approaches and make a choice for your problem. There are some areas where one approach has an advantage over the other:

 

LSE

MLE

Biased

No

Yes for small samples but decreases as sample size increases

Estimate Variance

Larger

Smaller

P-values

More precise

Less precise

Coefficients

Less precise

More precise

Censored data

Less reliable and unusable in extreme cases

More reliable even in extreme cases

Use LSE when the sample size is small and censoring is not particularly heavy. Otherwise, MLE estimates are generally preferred. Based on their relative strengths, LSE and MLE can be used together for different parts of the analysis. Use LSE's more precise p-values to select the terms to include in the model and use MLE to estimate the final coefficients.

 

 


Example of factorial plots


Trong thí dụ trên sự tương tác giữa thời gian và nhiệt độ là có ý nghĩa và chúng ta muốn nhìn biểu đố nhân tố (factorial plot) để giúp hiểu được bản chất của mối quan hệ . Vì ảnh hưởng của khối và chất xúc tác là không có ý nghĩa nên không đưa chúng vào biểu đồ.

1    Open the worksheet YIELDPLT.MTW. (The design, response data, and model information have been saved for you.)

2    Choose Stat > DOE > Factorial > Factorial Plots.

3    Check Main effects plot and click Setup.

4    In Responses, enter Yield.

5    Click to move Time to the Selected box.

6    Click to move Temp to the Selected box. Click OK.

7    Repeat steps 3-6 to set up the interaction plot. Click OK.



Graph window output






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