* Dạng đảo ngữ còn được dùng trong điều kiện

* Dạng đảo ngữ còn được dùng trong điều kiện

- Were I in your shoes, I would make a formal complaint. (= If I were in your shoes, ......)

- Had I known it was her birthday, I would have bought her a gift. (=If I had known ......)

* Có thể dùng cấu trúc SO/ SUCH ...... THAT ...... ở dạng đảo ngữ.

1. I have read it. (John) …………………………. …………………….

2. I prepared for the lesson. (Everybody else) …………………………. …………………….

3. He appreciates literature and music. (His wife) …………………………. …………………….

4. The first bus was full. (the second) …………………………. …………………….

5. I don’t believe it. (Ann) …………………………. …………………….

6. Alice couldn’t understand. (Andrew) …………………………. …………………….

7. I am not going there. (they) …………………………. …………………….

8. I am getting out at the next stop. (My friend) …………………………. …………………….

9. He used to work in a restaurant. (I) …………………………. …………………….

10. He didn’t know the address. (Anyone else) …………………………. …………………….
Exercise 2 – Rewrite the following, beginning with the words given.

1. If he had been honest, he wouldn’t have done it.

- Had he been honest, he wouldn’t have done it.

2. I have never seen such a beautiful picture.

- Never have I seen such a beautiful picture.

3. I have never met such a charming girl in my life.

- Never have I met such a charming girl in my life.

4. We had hardly finished our work when the night fell.

- Hardly had we finished our work when the night fell.

5. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

- No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

6. He no longer smokes cigarettes.

- No longer does he smoke cigarettes.

7. People didn’t discover AIDS until 1981.

- Not until 1981 did people discover AIDS.

8. You can buy this book only in this shop.

- Only in this shop can you buy this book.

9. Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong.

- No sooner had he arrived than things went wrong.

10. I’ve never heard such nonsense.

- Never have I heard such nonsense.

11. The telephone started ringing just after he left the office.

- No sooner had he left the office than the telephone started ringing.

12. As soon as she closed her eyes, she fell asleep.

- Hardly had she closed her eyes when she fell asleep.

13. We’d only just started the performance when there was a loud explosion.

- Barely had we started the performance when there a loud explosion.

14. The child was so afraid that he hid behind the sofa.

- So afraid was the child that he hid behind the sofa.

15. He was so furious that he threw the book across the room.

- So furious was he that he threw the book across the room.

16. He never suspected that she was a witch.

- Never did he suspect that she was a witch.

17. I didn’t realize who he was until later.

- Not until later did I realize who he was.

18. As soon as they arrived at the beach, it started to rain.

- No sooner had they arrived at the beach than it started to rain.

19. I only realized how dangerous the situation had been when I got home.

- Only when I got home did I realize how dangerous the situation had been.

20. I won’t agree until Tom has apologized.

- Not until Tom has apologized will I agree.

Exercise 3 – Reformulate the following sentences using inversion.

1. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed.

- ......

2. I have seldom heard such a talented singer.

- ......

3. If John had known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an Indian restaurant.

- ......

4. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice.

- ......

5. He had never felt so depressed

- ......

6. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony.

- ......

Answers:

1. Hardly had I begun to apologize when the door closed.

2. Seldom have I heard such a talented singer.

3. Had John known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an Indian 4. restaurant.

4. Rarely did the artist pay attention to his agent's advice.

5. Never had he felt so depressed.

6. No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony.

MODALS (ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT)

A. CAN/ COULD

1. CAN dùng để nói về khả năng (ability) trong hiện tại.

Ex : - “Can you cook ?” – “Yes, I can.”

- Jill can speak three foreign languages.

- Sorry. I can’t see you this morning.

2. COULD dùng để nói về khả năng trong quá khứ

Ex : - I could swim when I was a child.

- Could you read and write when you were five ?

Chú ý : Khi nói về khả năng làm được việc gì trong một tình huống riêng biệt trong quá khứ, chúng ta không dùng COULD, mà phải dùng WAS/ WERE ABLE TO.

Ex : - He fell from the bridge. Unfortunately, he was able to swim to the shore.

- The car suddenly caught fire, but we were able to get out of it.

Nhưng chúng ta có thể dùng hình thức phủ định COULDN’T để nói về một tình huống riêng biệt trong quá khứ.

Ex : - He tried his best, but he couldn’t (wasn’t able to) win the game.

- I couldn’t (wasn’t able to) pass my driving test because it was the first time.

Chúng ta phải dùng COULD với các động từ giác quan khi nói về tình huống riêng biệt.

Ex : - I couldn’t hear the speech clearly because the room was very noisy.

- We couldn’t see anything because the room was totally in the dark.

3. CAN/ COULD được dùng để yêu cầu (request) điều gì trong hiện tại.

Ex : - Can/ Could you open the door for me, please ?

4. CAN/ COULD được dùng để xin phép (permission)

Ex : - Can/ Could I ask you a personal question ?

B. MUST/ MUSTN’T

1. MUST được dùng để nói về sự bắt buộc (obgligation)

Ex : - You must be home at 9 o’clock.

- My toothache’s getting worse. I must go and see the dentist today.

Chú ý : Chúng ta dùng HAVE TO khi điều bắt buộc là do yêu tố từ bên ngoài, chứ không phải tự ta cảm thấy cần phải làm.

Ex : - It’s raining heavily, but I have to go now. I have to be at the office before 8 o’clock.

MUST chỉ được dùng ở tình huống hiện tại, vì thế chúng ta phải dùng HAVE TO thay cho MUST trong các thì khác.

Ex : - You will have to work hard in order to pass the examination.

- Up to now I haven’t had to do anything difficult in my job.

2. MUST NOT/ MUSTN’T có ý nghĩa “cấm không được làm gì”

Ex : - You mustn’t park here. There’s NO PARKING sign.

- Students must not bring their cell phones into the examination room.

Chúng ta dùng DON’T HAVE TO hoặc DON’T NEED TO để nói “không cần phải làm gì”

Ex : - I’m not working tomorrow. I don’t have to get up early.

- You don’t need to wait for me. I’ll take a taxi home when I finish shopping.

3. MUST/ CAN’T : Chúng ta dùng cũng dùng MUST và CAN’T để suy đoán. MUST được dùng với ý nghĩa “chắc hẳn là”, và CAN’T được dùng với nghĩa “chắc là không”. Chúng ta có thể dùng MUST/ CAN’T để suy đoán tình huống trong hiện tại hoặc trong quá khứ.

3.1. MUST BE/ DO, CAN’T BE/ DO suy đoán trong hiện tại.

Ex : - “Roger hasn’t come yet.” – “He must be stuck in the traffic.”

- Carol must have a problem, she keeps crying.

Chúng ta dùng CAN’T như là dạng phủ định của MUST khi suy đoán.

Ex : - It can’t be the postman at the door. It’s only seven o’clock.

- Julie can’t be asleep. There’s a light on in her room.

Chúng ta có thể dùng MUST/ CAN’T BE DOING để suy đoán việc đang xảy ra.

Ex : - Jake has been working all day. He must be feeling tired.

- Fred has bought two tickets for the match, so he can’t be going alone.

3.2. MUST HAVE DONE/ CAN’T HAVE DONE suy đoán tình huống trong quá khứ

Ex : - “We went to Rome last summer.” – “It must have been nice.”

- I can’t find my key anywhere. I must have left it at home.

- It can’t have been Susan you saw at the stadium. She’s on holiday in Europe.

- Jimmy can’t have written this note. He doesn’t know how to read or write.

Chúng ta có thể dùng COULDN’T thay cho CAN’T.

Ex : - Jimmy couldn’t have written this note. He doesn’t know how to read or write.

C. MAY/ MIGHT

1. MAY/ MIGHT dùng để xin phép hoặc cho phép (permission)

Ex : - “May I borrow your car, Dan ?” – “No, I’m afraid you may not.”

- You may go home when you finish work.

- Students may not use the staff car park.

- Might I ask you one more question, Sir ?

2. MAY/ MIGHT dùng để suy đoán hành động hoặc tình huống có khả năng xảy ra (possibility or uncertainty)

2.1. MAY/ MIGHT DO STH dùng cho tình huống hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

Ex : - “There’s someone at the door.” – “It may be Bob.”

- We aren’t sure what we are doing this weekend. We may/ might go to the beach.

- “Where’s Sarah ?” – “She may/ might be in the library.”

Chúng ta có thể dùng COULD thay vì MAY/ MIGHT

Ex : - “Where’s Sarah ?” – “She could be in the library.”

2.2. MAY/ MIGHT HAVE DONE STH dùng cho tình huống quá khứ.

Ex : - “Where was Peter last night ?” – “I think he may/ might have been at the theatre.”

- “Janet is late.” – “She may/ might have missed the train.

Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng COULD HAVE DONE với ý nghĩa tương tự MAY/ MIGHT HAVE DONE.

Ex : - “I can’t find my wallet anywhere” – “You could have left it at home.”

D. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO

1. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO/ HAD BETTER thường được dùng khi cho lời khuyên hoặc cho ý kiến (adice and opinion)

Ex : - I think you should cut down on smoking.

- I think the authorities should invest more money in education and health.

- People shouldn’t litter the streets.

Chúng ta có thể dùng OUGHT(N’T) TO thay vì SHOULD(N’T).

Ex : - I think you ought to do more physical exercise.

- I think police ought to arrest hooligans.

Chú ý : Người ta cũng thường dùng HAD BETTER DO STH với ý nghĩa tương tự SHOULD/ OUGHT TO.

Ex : - It’s too late now. We’d better go home.

- I think you had better play badminton instead of tennis.

Dạng phủ định của HAD BETTER DO là HAD BETTER NOT DO.

Ex : - You had better not forget to turn off the computer.

- We’d better not use the air conditioner too often.

2. SHOULD HAVE DONE/ OUGHT TO HAVE DONE được dùng để nói về hành động hoặc tình huống trong quá khứ, với ý nghĩa “đáng lẽ phải ...”

Ex : - You should have done it more carefully.

- We all exhausted by the long walk. We should have taken a taxi.

- You shouldn’t have told lies to the police.

Chúng ta có thể dùng OUGHT TO HAVE DONE thay vì SHOULD HAVE DONE

Ex : - You ought to have done it more carefully.

- You oughtn’t to have told lies to the police.

E. NEED/ NEEDN’T

1. NEED/ NEEDN’T DO ANYTHING được dùng với ý nghĩa “cần/ không cần phải làm gì”

Ex : - Need I bring anything with me ?

- You needn’t do it if you don’t want to.

Chú ý : Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng NEED TO DO STH như một động từ bình thường kết hợp với DON’T và DIDN’T trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn.

Ex : - Do I need to bring anything with me ?

- You don’t need to do it if you want to.

2. NEEDN’T HAVE DONE được dùng để diễn tả việc “lẽ ra không cần phải làm trong quá khứ”.

Ex : - You needn’t have bought so much food. There’s plenty of it in the fridge.

- We needn’t have gone to the wedding banquet early. We had to wait for two hours before it began.

Chú ý : Chúng ta hãy phân biệt sự khác nhau giữa NEEDN’T HAVE DONE và DIDN’T NEED TO DO.

Ex : - We needn’t have sent her a letter because she’s coming here tomorrow.

(It was not necessary to send her a letter, but we did it.)

- We didn’t need to send her a letter because she’s come here tomorrow.

(We knew it was not necessary to send her a letter, and we didn’t do it.)

F. WOULD RATHER

1. WOULD RATHER (NOT) DO STH : Chúng ta dùng cấu trúc này với ý nghĩa WOULD PREFER TO (thích làm gì hơn)

Ex : - “How about going to the stadium ?” – “I’d rather watch the match on TV at home.”

- Would you rather stay here or go home ?

- “How about a drink ?” – “I’d rather have something to eat.”

Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng WOULD RATHER DO STH THAN DO STH ELSE

Ex : - I’d rather take a taxi than go by bus.

- I’d rather stay home than go out for a walk.

2. WOULD RATHER + S + V-ed/2 (past subjunctive) : Chúng ta dùng động từ ở dạng quá khứ giả định trong mệnh đề đi sau WOULD RATHER mặc dù ý nghĩa vẫn nói về tình huống hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

Ex : - I’d rather we went home now.

- I’d rather you didn’t open that window. I’m cold.

- I’d rather he didn’t smoke in here. I can’t stand cigarette smoke.

1. It’s getting very late. We ...... go home now.

2. I couldn’t go out last night because I ...... babysit for my sister.

3. You ...... pay me back the money you owe me until next month.

4. We ...... touch anything in this room until the police arrive.

5. You mustn’t leave your motorbike unlocked. You ...... lock it.

6. It ...... be Helen. She has gone to Hanoi

7. We needn’t do the washing up now. We ...... do it tomorrow.

8. We can stay a bit longer. We ...... go now.

9. You can’t keep on using my tennis shoes. You ...... buy your own.

10. She ...... pay the porter, but she gave him some money anyway.

11. She ...... pay the porter, so she didn’t give him any money.

12. I ...... paid this bill last month, but I forgot.

13. That man ...... be 40 years old. He looks about 20.

14. The thief ...... gotten into the house through a window: they were all closed.

15. The streets were very wet when I got up this morning. It ...... rained heavily last night.

1. He ...... his job because he seems very happy.

A. would like B. can like C. will like D. must like

2. The weather report says that ...... ten inches of snow tomorrow.

A. maybe there are B. there will have C. there may be D. we maybe have

3. Finally we ...... stop; we were tired and it was dark.

A. can B. must C. may D. had to

4. I didn’t have much time, but I ...... visit a lot of places of interest in London.

A. can B. must C. was able to D. had to

5. Sit down, please. ...... a cup of tea ?

A. Do you like B. Would you like C. Will you like D. Do you like to drink

6. He advised me to take an English course. I ...... it early.

7. ...... you tell me if this bus goes to Heathrow Airport ?

A. Must B. May C. Should D. Could

8. I left my pen in this box, but it isn’t there now. Someone ...... it.

9. Mary ...... close the window; it is getting cold.

A. had better to B. had better C. would better D. should to

10. ...... use the phone, please ?

A. Must I B. May I C. Will I D. Shall I

11. They ...... have forgotten about the meeting; that’s why they didn’t come.

A. could B. might C. should D. will

12. I’d rather you ...... that.

A. do B. don’t do C. won’t do D. didn’t do

13. It isn’t cold outside. You ...... wear a coat.

A. may B. mustn’t C. need D. needn’t

14. You ...... fall asleep when you drive a car.

A. must B. mustn’t C. have to D. don’t have to

15. One ...... wear a uniform in the army.

A. mustn’t B. has to C. mightn’t D. isn’t allowed

16. I can hear footsteps in the flat upstairs, so there ...... someone there.

A. can’t be B. must be C. might be D. needn’t be

17. We don’t know who took the money. The office was full of people and it ...... any of them.

A. may be B. could be C. must be D. could have been

18. You ...... keep out of that room. It’s private.

19. You ...... vote in Britain until you are 18.

A. must B. have to C. may D. aren’t allowed to

20. My father is going to retire soon. Then he won’t ...... work any more.

-----------------------------

+ Nếu lời phát biểu ở thể khẳng định thì phân câu hỏi đuôi ở phủ định hay ngược lại

+ Trợ động từ phủ định trong câu hỏi đuôi luôn ở dạng rút gọn. Chủ từ của câu hỏi đuôi luôn là một đại từ.

+ Nếu phần câu kể có những từ như : seldom, rarely, never, hardly, no longer, ... thì phần câu hỏi đuôi ở thể khẳng định.

+ Let’s + V(-to), shall we ?

+ (Please +) V(-to) , will you ?

+ I am ……, aren’t I ?

+ This / That (is ……), (isn’t) it ?

+ These / Those (are ……), (aren’t) they ?

+ There is / are ……, isn’t / aren’t there ?

+ Everyone/ No one/ Anyone/ Someone ......, ...... they ?

+ Everything/ Nothing/ Anything/ Something ......, ...... it ?

Exercise – Add suitable question tags

1. Don’t leave anything behind, ……?

2. David is bringing some wine, ……?

3. You’ll be home before midnight, ……?

4. Harry was working in Bristol then, ……?

5. Nobody knows who invented the wheel, ……?

6. You don’t need me any more, ……?

7. The ticket to London doesn’t cost a lot, ……?

8. Let’s invite the Smiths from the next door, ……?

9. You aren’t too busy to talk, ……?

10. Jean owns a restaurant, ……?

11. She never works on Sundays, ……?

12. His family often have tea or breakfast, ……?

13. Everyone can learn how to swim, ……?

14. No one has come here, ……?

15. Let me have a look, ……?

16. You used to throw waste paper away, ……?

17. Peter used to visit his grandmother, ……?

18. Let’s go to the library, ……?

19. This building used to be a library, ……?

20. I am to do the duty, ……?

21. It’s a lovely day, …… ?

22. Tom drives very fast, …… ?

23. She wrote the poem herself, …… ?

24. That was exciting, …… ?

25. You couldn’t lend me $5, …… ?

26. I don’t think he’s ever been there, …… ?

27. He’d rather go to the theatre, …… ?

28. Get a loaf of bread for me, …… ?

29. They’d better attend the meeting, …… ?

30. I’m right, …… ?

31. Let’s go for a swim, …… ?

32. There used to be trees here, …… ?

33. You’d rather have a salad, …… ?

34. Let’s play football, …… ?

35. They hadn’t been there before, …… ?

36. She had to complain to the manager, …… ?

37. There was no panic, …… ?

38. Nobody complained, …… ?

39. He hardly ever leaves the house, …… ?

40. Your central heating doesn’t work very well, …… ?

1. will you 2. isn’t he 3. won’t you 4. wasn’t he 5. do they 6. do you

7. does it 8. shall we 9. are you 10. doesn’t it 11. does she 12. don’t they

13. can’t they 14. have they 15. shall we 16. didn’t you 17. didn’t he 18. shall we

19. didn’t it 20. aren’t I 21. isn’t it 22. doesn’t he 23. didn’t she 24. wasn’t it

25. could you 26. has he 27. wouldn’t he 28. will you 29. hadn’t they

30. aren’t I 31. shall we 32. didn’t there 33. wouldn’t you

34. shall we 35. had they 36. didn’t she 37. was there 38. did they 39. does he

40. does it

INFINITIVE (ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU)

Ex :

1. You must always try to study hard.

3. He offered to help me finish my homework.

4. He asked me to finish my work before 11.

5. He is trying to pass the exam to get a scholarship.

6. English is an important language to master.

7. He was the last person to hand in the paper.

8. To learn a foreign language is not easy.

9. It is difficult to master a foreign language in a week.

10. It was too dark for us to see anything.

- STRUCTURES

1. TO-Infinitive as Subject (8)

2. V + TO-Infinitive (3)

 agree, afford, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seem, threaten, want, wish, would like, …

3. V + O + TO-Infinitive (4)

 advise, allow, ask, enable, encourage, invite, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, would like, …

4. TO-Infinitive used to refer to a purpose (5)  … SO AS / IN ORDER (+ FOR + O) + TO-Infinitive

5. TO-Infinitive used to replace a Relative Clause (6)

6. the first / last / only … + N + TO-Infinitive (7)

7. IT + BE + N / Adj + (FOR / OF) + O) + TO-Infinitive (9)

8. TO-Infinitive used to refer to a result. (10)

 TOO + ADJ / ADV (+ O) + TO-Infinitive

 ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH (+ O) + TO-Infinitive

9. MODAL + V(-to) (1) 