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Câu bị động với các động từ có ý nghĩa tường thuật



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1. Câu bị động với các động từ có ý nghĩa tường thuật.

Active : S1 + reporting V + (THAT) S2 + V

Passive : (1) S2 + BE + reporting V-ed/3 + TO INFINITIVE

(2) IT + BE + reporting V-ed/3 (THAT) S2 + V

Các động từ tường thuật thường được dùng trong cấu trúc này là : say, report, believe, think, understand, suppose, rumour, hope, expect, acknowledge, assume, predict, ... Mệnh đề đi sau các động từ này được gọi là mệnh đề danh từ.

Ex : - People say that he has a priceless collection of paintings.

 (1) He is said to have a priceless collection of paintings.

 (2) It is said that he has a priceless collection of paintings.

Chú ý :

a. Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề danh từ xảy ra trước hành động trong mệnh đề chính (mệnh đề có chứa các động từ tường thuật) thì trong cấu trúc (1) ta phải dùng nguyên mẫu hoàn thành TO HAVE + V-ed/3.

Ex : - They said that the 775 flight had landed safely.

The 775 flight was said to have landed safely.

- People say that the flood destroyed the village.

The flood is said to have destroyed the village.

b. Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề danh từ xảy ra đồng thời với hành động trong mệnh đề chính, chúng ta dùng dạng nguyên mẫu tiếp diễn TO BE + V-ing.

Ex : - They said that Alex was working in London.

Alex was said to be working in London.

c. Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề danh từ xảy ra sau hành động trong mệnh đề chính, chúng ta dùng dạng nguyên mẫu đơn TO INFINITIVE.

Ex : - They expect that the price of steel will go down next month.

 The price of steel is expected to go down next month.



2. Câu truyền khiến (Causative Form)

Để diễn tả một hành động mà chúng ta không tự làm lấy, nhưng thu xếp để người khác làm, chúng ta có dùng cấu trúc HAVE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING hoặc GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING (ở hình thức chủ động) và HAVE/ GET SOMETHING DONE (ở hình thức bị động). Dạng bị động được dùng phổ biến hơn. Các cấu trúc này có thể được dùng với tất cả các thì khác nhau, chỉ cần thay đổi hình thức của động từ HAVE và GET cho thích hợp.

Ex : - I have my hair cut once a month.

- I’m having my house painted at the moment.

- Sue had her car serviced last week.

- They were having their roof repaired then.

- We have had the central heating installed.

- I will have my suit dry-cleaned soon.

- We’re going to have the carpet cleaned this week.

- Jill got her new dress made two weeks ago.

Cấu trúc này cũng được dùng để nói “ai đó bị hoặc gặp điều gì đó không may”

Ex : - I had my wallet stolen last week.

- Joe had his leg broken playing football.
EXERCISES

Exercise 1 – Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence.

1. My new house hasn’t been finished / wasn’t finished yet.

2. The robbers were arrested / have been arrested as soon as they left the bank.

3. Susan told us her baby is born / had been born two weeks earlier than expected.

4. If there is too much snow, the match has been cancelled / will be cancelled.

5. By the time we got there, the rain had stopped / had been stopped.

6. When were you told / have you been told about the new rules?

7. Most of the passengers were swimming / were swum easily to the shore.

8. The winning horse was ridden / was riding by Pat Murphy.

9. I looked again for the old man, but he was vanished / had vanished.

10. I don’t think that you will be asked / are being asked to show your passport.

Exercise 2 – Change the following sentences from active into passive voice or vice versa.

1. They are sending him abroad on business.

- He is ....... being sent abroad on business.

2. You must do your homework before class.

- Your homework ....... must be done before class.

3. He has just sent me a greeting card.

- I ....... have just been sent a greeting card.

- A greeting card ....... has just been sent to me.

4. Did people see the thieves run past the shop ?

- Were ...... the thieves seen to run past the shop?

5. Nobody has used this room for ages.

- This room ....... has not been used for ages.

6. This school was built thirty years ago.

- People ....... built this school years ago.

7. The books are arranged into sections by the librarian.

- The librarian ....... arranges the books into sections.

8. Has the work been finished by Tom ?

- Has Tom ...... finished the work ?

9. This room may be used for the classroom.

- You may ....... use this room for the classroom.

10. A painter painted our house last month.

- We ....... had our house painted last month.

11. The hairdresser is cutting my hair this afternoon.

- I am ....... having my hair cut this afternoon.

12. Someone has stolen my motorbike.

- I have ....... had my motorbike stolen.

13. The dentist has taken out all of Ricky’s teeth.

- Ricky has ....... had all of his teeth taken out.

14. They said he had left Paris secretly in his private car.

- He ....... was said to have left Paris secretly in his private car.

15 . Many people said that they were guilty.

- They ....... were said to be guilty.

16. It was said that he won the scholarship.

- He ....... was said to win the scholarship.



Exercise 3 – Choose the best option to fill in each sentence.

1. The room is being …… at the moment.

A. was cleaned B. cleaned C. cleaning D. clean

2. It…… that the strike will end soon.



A. is expected B. expected C. are expected D. was expected

3. It is …… that many people are homeless after the floods.

A. was reported B. reports C. reported D. reporting

4. He was said …… this building.

A. designing B. to have designed C. to design D. designed

5. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. The computer …… at the moment.

A. was being used B. is being used C. was used D. is used

6. The picture of the soldiers …….

A. were sold B. are sold C. have just been sold D. has just been sold

7. These are the books …… by my uncle.

A. were written B. written C. which written D. that written

8. CO is an odourless gas which can …….

A. see B. not see C. not be seen D. be seeing

9. English …… by most people in the world.

A. speaks B. is spoken C. spoke D. is speaking

10. That fabric is …… of materials that catches fire easily.



A. made B. making C. make D. being made

Exercise 4 – Choose the best sentence with the same meaning as the given one.

1. People say that playing football is the most interesting.

A. The most important thing is playing football.

B. It was said that playing football is the most interesting.

C. It is said that playing football was the most interesting.

D. Playing football is said to be the most interesting.

2. People say that he died in the accident.

A. It was said that he was died in the accident. B. It is said that he was died in the accident.

C. He is said to have died in the accident. D. He is said to die in the accident.

3. Is she making big cakes for the party?



A. Are big cakes being made for the party? B. Are big cakes making for the party?

C. Is she being made big cakes for the party? D. Are big cakes made for the party?

4. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?

A. Has the window changed of the laboratory?

B. Has the window of the laboratory changed?

C. Has the window of the laboratory been changing?



D. Has the window of the laboratory been changed?

5. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.

A. It was believed that 13 is an unlucky number.

B. It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number.

C. 13 is believed to have been an unlucky number.

D. 13 was believed to be an unlucky number.

6. They declared that she won the competition.



A. She was declared to win the competition.

B. She was declared to have won the competition.

C. She is declared to have won the competition.

D. It is declared that she won the competition.

7. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.

A. Each of us was given two exercise books.

B. Two exercise books was given each of us by the teacher.

C. Two exercise books was given to each of us by the teacher.

D. Both A and C are correct.

8. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantation.

A. Rubber trees began to be planted in big plantation.

B. Rubber trees began to being planted in big plantation.

C. Rubber trees were begun to plant in big plantation.

D. Rubber trees began to plant in big plantation.

9. People will continue to drink Coca Cola in the 21st century.

A. Coca Cola will continue to be drunk in the 21st century.

B. Coca Cola will be continued to be drunk in the 21st century.

C. Coca Cola will be being continued to be drunk in the 21st century.

D. Coca Cola will continue to have drunk in the 21st century.

10. They paid me a lot of money to do the job.

A. A lot of money was paid to me to do the job.



B. I was paid a lot of money to do the job.

C. A lot of money was paid to do the job.

D. I was paid to do the job with a lot of money.

Exercise 5 – Rewrite these sentences in passive voice.

1. They have canceled all flights because of the bad weather.

- All flights … have been canceled ...

2. How do people learn languages?

- How… are languages learnt?

3. Someone accused Sean of selling secret information to our opponents.

- Sean … was accused of selling ...

4. They are going to ask you some difficult questions at the interview.

- You … are going to be asked some …

5. Some people saw him go on holiday with a very young girl.

- He … was seen to go on ...

6. It is reported that the prisoners escaped by means of a helicopter.

- The prisoners … are reported to have escaped …

7. It is thought that the pilot was killed in the plane crash.

- The pilot … to have been killed in …

8. It was expected that the strike would end after the negotiation.

- The strike … was expected to end after …

9. It is said that the driver was falling asleep at the time.

- The driver … is said to have been falling …

10. It is understood that the President is staying on an island for holiday.

- The President … is understood to be staying on …

11. It was believed that there was some connection between the murders.

- There … was believed to be some …

12. It is known that the team has been supposed by millions of fans.

- The team … is known to have been supposed …

Exercise 6 – Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

1. Tea ...... to Japan from China in 1191.

A.took B. is taken C. has taken D. was taken

2. The computer ...... It’s working again now.

A. is repaired B. was repairing C. has been repaired D. has repaired

3. The church tower ...... The work is almost finished.

A. is restoring B. is being restored C. has been restored D. has been restoring

4. “How old is this stone bridge?” – “It ...... over 200 years old.”

A. believes to be B. is believed to being

C. is believed to be D. was believed to being

5. If you didn’t do your job right, ......

A. you would be firing B. you would be promoted

C. you would have fired D. you would be fired

6. After ......, the man was taken to the police station.

A. arresting B. being arrested C. was arrested D. having arrested

7. Twelve people are reported ...... in an explosion at a supermarket yesterday.

A. to be injured B. to have been injured

C. to being injured D. to having been injured

8. Sometimes mistakes ...... It’s inevitable.



A. are made B. are making C. make D. have made

9. My wallet has ...... It must ......



A. disappeared/ be stolen B. been disappeared/ be stolen

C. disappeared/ have stolen D. been disappearing/ stolen

10. This is a serious problem. I don’t know how ......

A. can it solve B. can it be solved C. it can solve D. it can be solved

11. A bridge should ...... here long ago.

A. have built B. be built C. have been built D. have been building

12. I haven’t received the letter yet. It might ...... to the wrong address.

A. send B. have sent C. be sending D. have been sent

13. A lot of rice ...... in South-East Asia today.

A. grow B. grew C. is grown D. growing

14. Five hundred people ...... from their homes up to now.

A. have evacuated B. have been evacuated

C. were evacuating D. have been evacuating

15. The train ...... arrive at 9.30, but it was an hour late.



A. was supposed to B. supposedto C. is supposed to D. was supposing to

16. It’s two months since I ……my hair cut.



A. had B. have had C. have D. had had

17. Only later ......

A. did the facts all made public B. were the facts all made public

C. the facts were all made public D. the facts all made public

18. We can’t go along here because the road is ......

A. been repaired B. being repaired C. repair D. repaired

19. Caroline ...... Spanish from a book.

A. teach B. taught herself C. have been taught D. was taught herself

20. Everyone invited to their party was ......

A. colorful dressed B. colorfully dressed C. colorful dressing D. colorfully dressing

21.The escaped prisoner is believed ...... on an island.

A. being lived B. to be living C. having lived D. that living

22. How many cups of coffee ...... this morning?

A. have you drunk B. were you drunk

C. have you been drunk D.have you been drinking

23. We hope to have the law ...... by December.

A. pass B. to pass C. passing D. passed

24. Did you paint it yourself or did you ...... it painted?

A. make B. do C. get D. ask

25. When ...... to resign from his office, the minister reacted badly.

A. asking B. ask C. asked D. to ask



Exercise 7 – Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected.

1. Film can only (A) be developing in a room (B) that is (C) totally (D) dark.

2. A (A) bad constructed car can cause (B) injury and (C) even death (D) to its passengers.

3. The villagers (A) campaigned (B) hardly for (C) the bypass (D) to be re-routed.

4. It is (A) certain that classes will (B) be (C) call off (D) because of the snow.

5. People are (A) surprising that Saudi Arabia has (B) such a small population in comparison (C) to its land and (D) size.

6. A (A) dangerous situation (B) was (C) create by the (D) bad roads.

7. While some people (A) say that a lot of time (B) is wasting (C) in shopping for clothes, others feel that it is (D) relaxing activity.

8. (A) Most of the houses (B) on this street (C) have been built in the (D)previous century.

9. (A) Cheaper personal computers (B) are been (C) produced by manufacturers (D) throughout the world.

10. All of the homework (A) giving by our teachers (B) is (C) useful to every (D) student.

11. A study of (A) the difference (B) between synthetic and natural vitamins (C) are (D) needed.

12. What the cook (A) prepare (B) for dinner (C) was received (D) with enthusiasm.

13. The (A) living (B) conditions of (C) the population (D) were improved in the past years.

14. (A) Where the Olympic Games will be (B) hold (C) is determined (D) long in advance.

15. That (A) dead tree is so (B) dangerous that (C) I’ll have it (D) cutting down soon.



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Câu điều kiện là loại câu được kết hợp bởi một mệnh đề điều kiện (Conditional Clause) và mệnh đề chính chỉ kết quả (Main Clause/ Clause of Result). Có ba loại câu điều kiện cơ bản :

Conditions

Conditional Clause

Main Clause

Examples

Type 1 – Probable Condition

IF + S + V(present

simple)



- S + WILL/ CAN/ MAY

+ V(-to)

- (PLEASE) V(-to) (Imperative)

- If she invites me, I’ll come to the party.

(= Perhaps she will invite me, and then I’ll come)

Type 2 – Unreal Condition at Present

IF + S + V-ed/2

(BE  WERE)

S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT

+ V(-to)

- If she invited me, I would/ could come to the party.

(= I’m sure she won’t invite me)

Type 3 – Unreal Condition in the Past

IF + S + HAD + V-ed/3

S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT

+ HAVE + V-ed/3

- If she had invited me, I would/ could have come to the party.

(= She didn’t invite me, so I didn’t come)

GHI CHÚ :

1. Có thể đặt mệnh đề chính trước mệnh đề điều kiện trong tất cả các câu điều kiện.



Ex : If I stay out late, I will get a taxi home = I will get a taxi home if I stay out late.

2. Có thể dùng thì Hiện tại đơn trong mệnh đề chính của câu điều kiện loại 1 để diễn tả tình huống hoặc hành động gần như luôn luôn đúng.



Ex : If you pour oil on water, it floats.

3. Có thể dùng mệnh lệnh cách trong mệnh đề chính của câu điều kiện loại 1.



Ex : If you see John, please tell him to phone me.

Don’t go to work if you still feel sick.

4. Mixed Condition (Điều kiện hỗn hợp) : Khi điều kiện là một tình huống trong quá khứ nhưng gây ra kết quả ở hiện tại, chúng ta dùng dạng điều kiện hỗn hợp (Mệnh đề điều kiện được chia loại 3, mệnh đề chính được chia theo loại 2)



Ex : If you hadn’t stayed up too late last night, you wouldn’t feel tired now

(You stayed up too late last night, so you feel tired now)

5. Inversion (Hình thức đảo ngữ) : Có thể dùng dạng đảo ngữ giữa chủ ngữ và động từ trong mệnh đề điều kiện thay cho liên từ IF.

a. Type 1 : IF + S + V(present simple) = SHOULD + S + V(-to)

Ex : If I stay out late, I will get a taxi home = Should I stay out late, I will get a taxi home.

b. Type 2 : IF + S + V-ed/2 = WERE + S + TO INFINITIVE



Ex : If the boss knew about it, we would be in real trouble.

= Were the boss to know about it, we would be in real trouble.

c. Type 3 : IF + S + HAD + V-ed/3 = HAD + S + V-ed/3



Ex : If she had invited me, I would have come to the party.

= Had she invited me, I would have come to the party.

6. Words other than IF (Các từ khác có thể thay thế cho IF)

a. UNLESS = IF ...... NOT

Ex : If you don’t water these plants regularly, they will die.

= Unless you water these plants regularly, they will die.

b. IF có thể được thay bằng các cụm từ có nghĩa tương đương : PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING/ SUPPOSE THAT, AS LONG AS, ON CONDITION THAT, ...



Ex : You can borrow my bike provided/ providing (that) you bring it back by 7.00 p.m.

You can use my phone as/ so long as you pay for your calls.

Supposing/ Suppose you found a hidden treasure, what would you do with it ?

7. Một số dạng câu điều kiện khác :

a. BUT FOR/ WITHOUT + NOUN (PHRASE) : Nếu không có/ vì ...)

= IF IT WEREN’T FOR + NOUN (PHRASE)

= IF IT HADN’T BEEN FOR + NOUN (PHRASE)

Ex : But for/ Without this foggy weather, we would be on the plane now.

= If it weren’t for this foggy weather, we would be on the plane now.

But for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded.

= If it hadn’t been for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded.

= If you hadn’t helped me, I would have succeeded.

b. OR, OTHERWISE, IF NOT : được dùng thay cho mệnh đề điều kiện được nêu trước với nghĩa “nếu điều đó không xảy ra thì”



Ex : You must read the instructions; otherwise, you won’t know how to use it.

= If you don’t read the instructions, you won’t know how to use it.

Perhaps Tom won’t come. If not, I’ll take his place.

= If Tom doesn’t come, I’ll take his place.


CLAUSES AFTER WISH/ IF ONLY


Cấu trúc mệnh đề đi sau WISH hoặc IF ONLY thường được sử dụng để bày tỏ những điều ước :

1. Future Wish (Điều ước không có thật hoặc giả định ở tương lai) :



IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + WOULD + V(-to)

Ex : I wish it would stop raining soon. (It is unlikely to stop raining)

2. Present Wish (Điều ước không có thật hoặc giả định ở hiện tại) :



IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + V-ed/2 (BE  WERE)

Ex : I wish I were taller. (I’m too short)

If only I spoke French fluently. (I don’t speak French well)

3. Past Wish (Điều ước không có thật hoặc giả định ở quá khứ) :




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