Structure drills 1 Auxiliary verbs: short answers (01)



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14 Auxiliary verbs: can and can't
This is a pronunciation and stress exercise. Can here is unstressed and pronounced /kqn/?(/kxn/ is also possible, but practise the /kqn/ sound here. Can't always carries a certain stress to distinguish it from can. Note also that the 'a' in can is quite different from the 'a' in can't. Can't is pronounced /kRnt/. Answer the questions, using /kqn/ and /kRnt/.
A: Can you swim and dive?

B: I can swim but I can't dive.




  1. Can you knit and sew?

  2. Can the baby walk and run?

  3. Can she act and sing?

  4. Can he read and write?

  5. Can you draw and paint?

  6. Can you ski and skate?

  7. Can you type and take shorthand?

  8. Can you drive and read a map?

  9. Can you milk a cow and make butter?

  10. Can you trot and gallop?

  11. Can you change a wheel and mend a puncture?

  12. Can you wash and iron?

  13. Can you row and sail a boat?

  14. Can you keep accounts and do income tax returns?

  15. Can you light a fire and put up a tent?

  16. Can you understand and speak English?

  17. Can you take a temperature and give injections?

  18. Can you make biscuits and cakes?

  19. Can you play cards and do card tricks?

  20. Can you stand on your head and walk on your hands?


15 Auxiliary verbs: have + object + past participle

PEG 119
A: Do you clean windows yourself?

B: No. I have them cleaned.
A variety of tenses will be used.


  1. Did you paint the house yourself?

  2. Do you cut the grass yourself?

  3. Are you going to mend the puncture yourself?

  4. Does he wash his car himself?

  5. Does she polish the floors herself?

  6. Are you going to shorten the trousers yourself?

  7. Do you type the reports yourself?

  8. Would you adjust your brakes yourself?

  9. Are you dyeing the curtains yourself?

  10. Did you tow the car yourself?

  11. Are you going to cut down the tree yourself?

  12. Did you repair the clock yourself?

  13. Do you sharpen the knives yourself?

  14. Does he tune his piano himself?

  15. Does she sweep the stairs herself?

  16. Is he teaching his children to ride himself?

  17. Did he build the new garage himself?

  18. Did he plant the trees himself?

  19. Is she translating the book herself?

20.Is she making the wedding cake herself?


16 Auxiliary verbs: have + object + past participle
PEG 119
A: Did she have the window repaired? (stress on have)

B: No, she repaired it herself.


A: Did they have the central heating put in? (stress on have)

B: No, they put it in themselves.


Remember that in myself, themselves etc. the last syllable is stressed.


  1. Did she have the coat shortened?

  2. Does she have her carpets cleaned?

  3. Is he going to have the car re-sprayed?

  4. Does the manager have the accounts checked?

  5. Did you have the ceiling whitewashed?

  6. Did he have his will drawn up?

  7. Did you have a television aerial put up?

  8. Does he have his boots mended?

  9. Are you having the trees planted?

  10. Are you going to have the grapes picked?

  11. Does she have her stairs swept?

  12. Does she have the children taken to school every day?

  13. Do you have your gutters cleaned?

  14. Did you have the tyre pressures checked?

  15. Does she have her hair set?

  16. Did he have the leaflets delivered?

  17. Does she have the pictures framed?

  18. Is he having the film developed?

  19. Did he have the tree cut down?

  20. Did he have his tooth taken out?


17 Auxiliary verbs: had to
PEG 144, 145F
Prompt: I missed the last bus.

B: I missed the last bus and (I) had to walk home.

or

B: I missed the last bus, so I had to walk home.


Any logical answer is acceptable, provided had to is used.
Prompts:


  1. I missed the first bus.

  2. There were no seats on the train.

  3. There were no porters at the station.

  4. I hadn't any change for the ticket machine.

  5. I lost my dictionary.

  6. I couldn't find a hotel.

  7. We didn't know the way.

  8. I had no cash on me.

  9. I had forgotten his number.

  10. When I got to the door, I found that I had lost my key.

  11. My phone wasn't working.

  12. Our life was out of order.

  13. He had a puncture.

  14. The lights went out during dinner.

  15. I didn't understand the document.

  16. My licence was out of date.

  17. We couldn't eat the hostel meals.

  18. She couldn't hear what she was saying.

  19. One of the engines failed just after take-off.

  20. I couldn't put the fire out myself.


18 Auxiliary verbs: didn't have to
PEG 149
A (an old man): When I was at school, we called the master 'Sir' It was compulsory.

B (a young man who was at the same school): Oh, we didn't have to call the master 'Sir'.


When I was at school, we ... . It was compulsory.


  1. wore suits

  2. talked French at meals

  3. got up at six

  4. washed in cold water

  5. ran round the playground before breakfast

  6. were in bed by ten

  7. learnt a Shakespeare play by heart

  8. cleaned our own rooms

  9. made our own beds

  10. looked after our own clothes

  11. kept our hair short

  12. served ourselves at meals

  13. ate everything on our plates

  14. helped with the washing up

  15. worked on Saturday

  16. wrote home every week

  17. let the staff see our letters

  18. asked permission to go into the town

  19. did military training

  20. played football


19 Auxiliary verbs: had better + infinitive without to
PEG 120
A: I haven't told Tom yet.

B: Then you'd better tell him today. (had here is normally contracted.)


I haven't ... yet


  1. done the ironing

  2. apologized

  3. explained

  4. applied

  5. enrolled

  6. finished my essay

  7. washed the car

  8. mended the fuse

  9. fixed the aerial

  10. paid the rent

  11. returned the books

  12. decided

  13. suggested it

  14. booked the seats

  15. ordered the coal

  16. advertised the house

  17. answered his letter

  18. reported the accident

  19. renewed my licence

  20. seen Tom about it


20 Auxiliary verbs: be + infinitive
PEG 114A
It is evening and a group of people engaged in a team activity have been given their instructions for the next day. Martin wants to know what the others have been told to do. They always use Jack's name in their reply.
A: You went with John today, didn't you?

B: Yes, but I'm to go with Jack tomorrow.


A: Bill carried John's equipment today, didn't he?

B: Yes, but he's to carry Jack's equipment tomorrow.




  1. Ann looked after Peter's children today, didn't she?

  2. Peter and Mary worked with Tom's group today, didn't they?

  3. You followed Bill today, didn't you?

  4. You drove Bill's car today, didn't you?

  5. Mary led Tom's team today, didn't she?

  6. George rode Peter's horse today, didn't he?

  7. You relieved Bill today, didn't you?

  8. You acted as lookout for Tom today, didn't you?

  9. They took their orders from Bill today, didn't they?

  10. You trained with Peter today, didn't you?

  11. You stood in front of Bill today, didn't you?

  12. They tested Peter today, didn't they?

  13. Mary filmed Andrew's group today, didn't she?

  14. You navigated for Peter today, didn't you?

  15. You and Hugo gave Charles a lift, didn't you?


21 Auxiliary verbs: be + infinitive
PEG 114A
A: What were your instructions about phoning Bill?

B: I was to phone him at 6:00.


(This exercise could also be practised with other persons: e.g. What were his/her/your (plural) /their/my instructions?)
What were your instructions about ...


  1. reporting?

  2. posting the documents?

  3. meeting George?

  4. contracting Ann?

  5. seeing the agents?

  6. collecting the film?

  7. relieving Andrew?

  8. joining?

  9. leaving?

  10. paying the workmen?

  11. releasing the prisoners?

  12. inspecting the camp?

  13. taking off?

  14. starting?

  15. opening the doors?


22 Auxiliary verbs: be + perfect infinitive
PEG 114A
A: Did you borrow a car?

B: No. We were to have borrowed a car but the plan fell through.


Keep the noun unchanged.
Did you ...


  1. camp on the beach

  2. hire a boat?

  3. visit the island?

  4. anchor in the bay?

  5. explore the caves?

  6. bathe by moonlight?

  7. spend a week there?

  8. collect driftwood?

  9. cook over open fires?

  10. make a film of the seabirds?

  11. swim before breakfast?

  12. water-ski?

  13. keep a temperature chart?

  14. et up at dawn?

  15. record the dawn chorus?

  16. climb the cliffs?

  17. search for the sunken treasure-ship?

  18. take photographs under water?

  19. have sing-songs round the camp fire?

  20. invite everyone to a barbecue?


23 Auxiliary verbs: may/might + perfect infinitive
PEG 113
The speakers are wondering what happened to certain things/people.
A: Perhaps she took it with her.

B: Well, she may have taken it away with her, I suppose. (might could also be used.)


A: What did you say?

B: I said she might have taken it with her. (Omit suppose.)


Perhaps ...


  1. he stole it.

  2. she sold it.

  3. you lost it. (Use 'I' in the answer.)

  4. she drank it.

  5. he threw it away.

  6. they pawned it.

  7. she left it at home.

  8. he ate it.

  9. they hid it in the attic.

  10. he burnt it.

  11. she tore it up.

  12. she forgot to claim it.

  13. they had an accident.

  14. their car broke down. (Use it as subject.)

  15. he advised them not to come.

  16. he fell overboard.

  17. they got lost.

  18. he was murdered.

  19. something delayed them. (Keep something.)

  20. he took the wrong drug.


24 Auxiliary verbs: may/might be working and may/might have been working
PEG 132B
(a)

A: Perhaps he is working for Jones.

B: Yes, he may be working for Jones.
(b)

A: Perhaps he was working for Jones.

B: Yes, he may have been working for Jones.
Both exercises can also b done with might instead of may.


(a) Perhaps ...

(b) Perhaps ...

  1. he is waiting for someone.

  2. they are wondering what to do.

  3. she is trying to confuse us.

  4. they are window-shopping.

  5. she is expecting a letter from us.

  6. he is blackmailing her.

  7. they are working overtime.

  8. he is looking for another job.

  9. he is listening at the keyhole.

  10. they are watching television.

  11. he is following us.

  12. he is learning karate.

  13. she is telling his fortune.

  14. he is showing her the way.

  15. she is doing exercises.

  16. they are burying something.

  17. she is bird-watching.

  18. she is comparing prices.

  19. he is taking drugs.

  20. they are helping the police.




  1. he was waiting for someone.

  2. they were wondering what to do.

i.e. just as in (a), but replacing

is/are by was/were



25 Auxiliary verbs: should have done etc.
PEG 143
A: I told him a week later.

B: You should have told him at once.(should have is normally

shortened to should've in speech.)


  1. I asked him a week later.

  2. I paid the bill a week later.

  3. I thanked him a week later.

  4. I looked for it a week later.

  5. I invited him a week later.

  6. I apologized a week later.

  7. I sent it back a week later.

  8. I returned a week later.

  9. I reported the break-in a week later.

  10. I booked the tickets a week later.

  11. I answered his letter a week later.

  12. I cooked it a week later.

  13. I wrote to him a week later.

  14. I rang him a week later.

  15. I started a week later.

  16. I began a week later.

  17. I ate it a week later.

  18. I spoke to him a week later.

  19. I gave it to him a week later.

  20. I complained a week later.



26 Auxiliary verbs: shouldn't have done etc.
PEG 143
A: I only told Peter. (stress on Peter)

B: You shouldn't have told anyone. (have should be shortened to 've in speech;



any is stressed.)


  1. I only asked Mike.

  2. I only invited Jack.

  3. I only reported George.

  4. I only paid Mary.

  5. I only fined Brian.

  6. I only sacked Andrew.

  7. I only complained about Mark.

  8. I only argued with Tom.

  9. I only played with Mary.

  10. I only discussed it with Alec.

  11. I only talked about it with Arthur.

  12. I only woke Margaret.

  13. I only wrote to Bill.

  14. I only shouted at Alice.

  15. I only threw stones at Martin.

  16. I only told lies to John.

  17. I only robbed Peter.

  18. I only cheated Alec.

  19. I only winked at Oliver.

  20. I only kissed James.



27 Auxiliary verbs: Should I? + perfect infinitive
PEG 143
(i) A: You didn't follow Bill?

B: No. Should I have followed him?


(ii)A: You didn't take off your shoes?

B: No. Should I have taken them off? (Notice the word order.)


You didn't ...


  1. read the instructions?

  2. try to stop her?

  3. listen to their conversation?

  4. tip the waiter?

  5. follow them?

  6. keep the receipt?

  7. threaten him?

  8. stand up?

  9. refuse?

  10. offer to help?

  11. make her wear her life-jacket?

  12. put up the notice? (See (ii) above.)

  13. take down the old programme? (See (ii) above.)

  14. wear your dark glasses?

  15. bring your parachute?

  16. notify the authorities?

  17. lock up the tapes? (See (ii) above.)

  18. burn the documents?

  19. give back his passport? (See (ii) above.)

  20. ring the alarm bell?



28 Auxiliary verbs: shouldn't be doing and should have done
PEG 142, 143
A: Look at that man shaving while he drives!

B: He shouldn't be shaving now. He should have shaved before he left the house.




  1. Look at that woman doing her nails in the bus queue!

  2. Look at that man correcting exercises in the bus!

  3. Look at that man polishing his shoes in the bus shelter!

  4. Look at that boy tying his shoelaces as he goes into school!

  5. Look at that woman putting on her earrings on the stairs!

  6. Look at that girl sewing on a button in the library!

  7. Look at that man eating his breakfast as he walks down the path!

  8. Look at that girl putting on her make-up in the bus queue!

  9. Look at that man brushing his coat in the lift!

  10. Look at that man putting in his contract lenses on the escalator!

  11. Look at that man filing his nails in the bar!

  12. Look at that boy combing his hair in the classroom!

  13. Look at that women cleaning her glasses while she drives!

  14. Look at those children doing their homework in the bus!

  15. Look at that man putting in his false teeth in the street!


29 Auxiliary verbs: should/shouldn't + continuous infinitive,

present and perfect


PEG 142, 143
Ann, a student at a summer school, has the following programme:


7.00 - 7.30

7.30 - 8.00

8.00 - 8.30


  1. - 9.30

  1. - 10.00

10.00 - 10.30



  1. - 12.00

12.00 - 1.00

1.00 - 2.00



get dressed

(have) breakfast

wash up

(do) PT


watch television programme

discuss programme

(attend) lectures

help with lunch

(have) lunch


2.00 - 2.30

2.30 - 3.30

3.30 - 4.30

4.30 - 5.00

5.00 - 6.00

6.00 - 7.00

7.00 - 7.30


  1. - 8.00

8.00 - 9.00

11.30



rest

work in garden

(play) tennis

tea


practise the piano

rehearse play

supper

type lecture notes



read in library




  1. A: It's 7.20 and Ann is sleeping.

B: She shouldn't be sleeping. She should have been getting dressed.


  1. A: At 7.20 yesterday Ann was sleeping.

B: She shouldn't have been sleeping. She should have been getting dressed.


  1. It's ... and Ann ...




(b) At ... Ann was ...

7.45 ... getting up

8.15 ... having breakfast

9.45 ... doing PT

10.15 ... watching television

12.30 ... listening to a lecture

2.15 ... playing tennis

2.45 ... resting

3.45 ... working in the garden

5.15 ... having tea

6.15 ... practising the piano

7.15 ... rehearsing the play

7.45 ... having supper

8.15 ... typing her lecture notes

12.00 ... listening to records



e.g.

At 7.45 Ann was getting up.

i.e. as in (a) but replacing is

by was





30 Auxiliary verbs: must have done (deduction)
PEG 158
Martin and Simon have just come back to their house after a weekend.

Martin notices various changes; Simon thinks these must be the result

of actions by Peter, who shares the house with them.


  1. A: The door's open! (leave)

B: Peter must have left it open.


  1. A: The library books have disappeared. (take back to the library)

B: Peter must have taken them back to the library. (Notice the word order.)


  1. My torch isn't here! (borrow)

  2. The plates are all clean! (wash up)

  3. What are all these books doing here? (leave)

  4. The teapot is in pieces! (drop)

  5. How shiny the furniture looks! (polish)

  6. The steps are unusually clean! (sweep)

  7. There are some sandwiches on the kitchen table! (make)

  8. I've turned the key but the door won't open! (bolt)

  9. Here's the receipted bill! (pay)

  10. There's a man at the door with a crate of beer! (order)

  11. There are no biscuits left! (eat)

  12. And there's no whisky left! (drink)

  13. There are two policemen at the door asking out break-in! (report)

  14. The place is full of empty bottles! (have a party)

  15. The car is in a terrible state! (drive into a wall)

  16. The clock is going again! (wind)

  17. There's blood all over the kitchen floor! (cut himself)

  18. The bath's overflowing! (leave the tap on)

  19. Where have the curtain gone to? (take down) (See (ii) above.)

  20. There's a new poster on the wall! (put up) (See (ii) above.)


31 Auxiliary verbs: couldn't + perfect infinitive

(negative deduction)


PEG 159
Yesterday someone finished the wine/broke a wineglass/borrowed

Mary's radio etc. Mary thinks it was Tom who did these things, but

you know that Tom was out all day.
A: I wonder who broke the glass. I expect it was Tom.

B: Tom couldn't have broken it. He wasn't here yesterday.


I wonder who ... . I expect it was Tom.


  1. spoke to her

  2. paid the milkman

  3. brought the flowers

  4. fixed the television set

  5. tuned my guitar

  6. made all this mess

  7. moved the piano

  8. spilt the wine

  9. opened the letters

  10. borrowed my umbrella

  11. answered the phone

  12. finished the bottle of gin

  13. drank all the beer

  14. ate the cold meat

  15. fused the lights

  16. left the gas on

  17. let the cats out

  18. overheard us

  19. planted the rose bushes

  20. went off with the telephone directory


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