Structure drills 1 Auxiliary verbs: short answers (01)
Auxiliary verbs: couldn't
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31 Auxiliary verbs: couldn't + perfect infinitive (negative deduction) PEG 159 Yesterday someone finished the wine/broke a wineglass/borrowed Mary's radio etc. Mary thinks it was Tom who did these things, but you know that Tom was out all day.
B: Tom couldn't have broken it. He wasn't here yesterday. I wonder who ... . I expect it was Tom. spoke to her paid the milkman brought the flowers fixed the television set tuned my guitar made all this mess moved the piano spilt the wine opened the letters borrowed my umbrella answered the phone finished the bottle of gin drank all the beer ate the cold meat fused the lights left the gas on let the cats out overheard us planted the rose bushes went off with the telephone directory 32 Auxiliary verbs: couldn't have done PEG 159 A: He says he saw Mary at the dance. (But B knows that Mary wasn't there.) B: He couldn't have seen her. She wasn't there. A: He says he escaped through the window. (But B knows that the window is barred.) B: He couldn't have escaped through the window. It's barred. The information known to B will be placed in brackets after A's statement. The words 'But B knows that ...' will be omitted. He says he ... had an argument with Tom at the party. (Tom wasn't there.) bolted the door. (It has no bolt.) used the Emergency Exit. (There isn't one.) came up by the lift. (The lift wasn't working.) slept in room 13. (There is no room 13.) bought it in Harrods on Sunday. (Harrods doesn't open on Sunday.) hired a sailing boat in St. James Park. (there are no boats for hire in St. James's Park.) drove across Hungerford Bridge. (It is for trains and pedestrians only.) took the Piccadilly Line to High Street Kensington. (The Piccadilly Line doesn't pass through High Street Kensington.) carried it himself. (It weighs a ton.) dined in a restaurant on top of Nelson's Column. (There is no restaurant there.) waded across the Thames at Westminster Bridge. (It is too deep.) watched Westminster Bridge lifting up to let a ship through. (This bridge doesn't lift up.) saw the Queen standing in a queue. (The Queen doesn't stand in queues.) was attacked by wolves when crossing Hampstead Heath. (There are no wolves there.) walked from Chelsea to Kew in half an hour. (It is too far.) got sunburnt in Hyde Park in November. (The sun isn't strong enough.) swam across the Irish Sea. (It is too wide.) heard your clock strike. (My clock doesn't strike.) went there by train. (The railway line is closed.) 33 Auxiliary verbs: needn't have done / could have done PEG 154 A: You sent the sheets to the laundry, I suppose? (wash them myself) B: No, I washed them myself. C: You needn't have washed them yourself. You could have sent them to the laundry.
You went by taxi, I suppose? (take a bus) You went by bus, I suppose? (walk) You took the lift, I suppose? (walk up the stairs) You phoned him, I suppose? (write) You got the tube tickets from a machine, I suppose? (stand in a queue) You borrowed the books, I suppose? (buy) You asked the shop to send the parcels home, I suppose? (carry there) You painted the car yourself, I suppose? (have it sprayed) You sewed it by hand, I suppose? (use the machine) You walked up the ski-slope, I suppose? (take the ski-lift) You paid by cheque, I suppose? (pay by cash) You dialled the Paris number direct, I suppose? (ask the exchange to get) You replaced the bulb yourself, I suppose? (send for the electrician) When the curtain caught fire you put it out yourself, I suppose? (ring for the Fire Brigade) You covered the grand piano with a sheet before you painted the ceiling, I suppose? (moved it out of the room) A button fell off your coat so you sewed it on, I suppose? )throw the coat away) You went second class, I suppose? (go first class) A fuse blew so you put in a new fuse, I suppose? (sit in the dark) You left your heavy case at the station, I suppose? (take it with me) As you needed a copy you used a carbon, I suppose? (type it twice) 34 Auxiliary verbs: needn't have done / could have done PEG 154 A: I had television set repaired. It was very expensive. B: But you needn't have had it repaired; you could have repaired it yourself. Stress had and yourself. have in needn't have and could have should be pronounced as if written 've. This exercise could also be done with shouldn't have and should have or oughtn't to have and ought to have. I had ... It was very expensive. the house painted the curtains dyed. the carpet cleaned. the dead tree cut down. (Note order with pronoun object: cut it down.) double-glazing put in. (Note order with pronoun object: put it in.) central heating installed. my refrigerator repaired. my roof mended. the roses pruned. the windows washed. the car resprayed. the hall repapered. fruit trees planted. the garage built. the new path made. the picture framed. the car polished. the new lock fitted. the apples picked. the piano tuned. 35 Auxiliary verbs: Couldn't you have done? or Shouldn't you have done? PEG 154 A:I got there on Tuesday. B: Couldn't you have got there before? (= Wouldn't this have been possible?) I posted it on Tuesday. They paid me on Tuesday. She started on Tuesday. He brought it back on Tuesday. He sent in his application on Tuesday. I phoned him on Tuesday. They moved out on Tuesday. We left on Tuesday. She wrote on Tuesday. He applied on Tuesday. He booked the tickets on Tuesday. They reported it to the police station on Tuesday. We re-addressed the letters on Tuesday. I got back on Tuesday. I made the arrangements on Tuesday. I cancelled the tickets on Tuesday. I answered his letter on Tuesday. I gave her the message on Tuesday. We invited him on Tuesday. I told them about it on Tuesday. 36 Tenses: simple present PEG 173 A: Do you mend his socks? B: No, he mends his own socks. Do you ... iron his shirt? wash his sheets? make her bed? tie his tie (for him)? brush his hair? choose his clothes? sew on his buttons? clean his shoes? get his breakfast? do her shopping? cook his meals? polish her furniture? check his brakes? pump up his tyres? do his washing up? clean his flat for him? cut her hair? get his tickets for him? type his letters? pay his bills? 37 Tenses: simple present PEG 173 A: I get up early. B: Tom gets up early too. I work in London. I live in Hampstead. I get up early. I go for a walk before breakfast. I have a cold bath every morning. I run all the way to the station. I come to work by tube. I usually catch the 8.20 train. I usually get a ticket from the machine. I read the paper in the train. I get out at Piccadilly. I start work at 9.00. I lunch in the canteen. I finish work at 5.30. I go home by bus. I stand in a long queue every night. I sit upstairs. I buy an evening paper. I arrive home about 6.30. I say, 'Hello!' 38 Tenses: simple present PEG 173 A: What do you have for breakfast? Bacon and eggs?. B: Yes, I have bacon and eggs. What do you have? (stress on you) Where do you eat? In the canteen? What time do you start? Nine? What time do you finish? Six? How much do you weigh? Ten stone? How tall are you? Six foot? What time do you get up? Seven? What animal do you like best? Dogs? How do you come to the office? By bus? What do you do in the evening? Watch television? Where do you go for your holidays? Scotland? How many weeks' holiday do you have? Three? Where do you keep your money? Under the mattress? Where do you buy your clothes? Paris? When do you do your homework? Just before the lesson? How often do you write home? Every week? How do you like coffee? Strong? When do you cook on? Gas? What game do you play best? Tennis? Where do you swim? In the swimming baths? What do you drink? Gin? 39 Tenses: simple present PEG 173
i.e. Any answer is acceptable provided it begins with a 3rd person singular subject + verb in the simple tense (affirmative), and contrasts with A's statement. I smoke cigars. I live on the top floor. I spend very little. I walk to work. I work on Saturdays. I usually travel by air. I write with my left hand. I eat with chopsticks. I drink wine with my meals. I watch football on television. I usually go away for weekends. I do my own electrical repairs. I sleep with the windows open. I dictate my letters to a secretary. I write my essays in ordinary handwriting. I speak English at meals. I disagree with him. I think an electric typewriter is an unnecessary luxury. I wear my hair short. I make a lot of mistakes. 40 Tenses: simple present PEG 173 A: I earn $50 a week. B: How much does your brother earn? (stress on brother) A: I live in Westminster. B: Where does your brother live? (stress on brother) Make questions using how, where, when, how much, how many, how often, what. I live in Tunbridge Wells. I smoke twenty cigarettes a day. I have toast and coffee for breakfast. I read detective stories. I go to York for my holidays. I spend $2 a week on fares. I drive a Mini. I wear rubber boots. I employ twenty men. I bank at Barclays. I pay by cheque. I like comedies best. I clean my flat at weekends. (Use his for my, and stress it slightly.) I keep my bicycle in the hall. (See above.) I sing folk-songs. I play the bagpipes. I phone home every week. I always sit at the back of the class. I collect coins. I write sentimental novels. 41 Tenses: simple present, negative PEG 173 A: Tom's making a lot of mistakes! B: He doesn't usually make mistakes. (stress on usually) Tom's answering the telephone! He's taking the children to school! He's helping his wife! He's looking after the baby! He's walking the dog! He's carrying his wife's basket! He's cleaning the windows! He's moving the lawn! He's weeding the garden! He's hanging out the washing! They're spending their holidays at home! I'm doing a crossword puzzle! (Use puzzles in answer.) They're working late! I'm knocking off early! She's cooking it in butter! She's baking bread! He's looking miserable! The dog is sleeping on your bed! She's driving her husband's car! She's stopping at the traffic lights! 42 Tenses: two present tenses, interrogative negative PEG 173 A: John spends the winters in the Bahamas. B: Doesn't his sister spend the winters in the Bahamas as well? A: John's going on a cruise this spring? B: Isn't his sister going on a cruise this spring as well? Note that some sentences are in the present continuous tense, some are in the simple present tense. John goes skiing at Christmas. John drives an Alfa Romeo. John lives in a penthouse in Park Lane. John is learning to fly a helicopter. John loses a lot of money gambling. John is planning to buy a Greek island. John drinks champagne for breakfast. John gives marvellous parties. John knows a lot of important people. John plays polo. John employs a private bodyguard. John is building a second swimming pool. John is buying an enormous yacht. John collects Old Masters. John is starting a private zoo. John spends a fortnight in a health resort every year. John eats off gold plates. John is terrified of being kidnapped. John is always grumbling about high taxation. John is thinking of moving to a tax-haven. 43 Tenses: two present tenses, interrogative negative PEG 166, 173 A: He usually smokes Turkish cigarettes. B: But today he is smoking French cigarettes. A: He usually reads a German paper. B: But today he is reading a French paper. Do the following exercises in the same way, always substituting French for the adjective of nationality or the language mentioned. He usually ... drives a German car. rides an English horse. sings German songs. plays Italian music. drinks English beer. dances with a Greek girl. uses an English dictionary. has lunch in a Japanese restaurant. listens to the news in English. writes in Spanish. goes to Indian films. (Use a French film in the answer.) talks English. corrects the Spanish essays. explains in English. lectures in Spanish. broadcasts in Spanish. addresses students in English. cooks a Spanish meal for us. travels by an Italian airline. swears in Italian. 44 Tenses: two present tenses PEG 166, 173 A: (in tones of great astonishment): Tom is drinking beer! B: Doesn't he usually drink beer? (stress on usually) Peter is going second class! Ann is smoking a cigar! Mary is doing football pools! Mrs Smith is wearing a wig! George is washing up! Andrew is buying roses for his wife! Paul is telling lies! The boss is having lunch in the canteen! Andrew is cooking the breakfast! Peter is making his bed! Mr Jones is typing his own letters. The boss is standing in a queue. Tom is sitting beside Margaret! Bill is dancing with Alice! Mrs Jones is playing roulette! George is listening to our conversation! Sara is going abroad for her holiday! His business is making a profit! Peter is going on strike with the others! He is getting Christmas Day off! 45 Tenses: two present tenses PEG 166, 173 A: The staff don't usually wear sandals in the office. B: Then why are they wearing sandals today? Mr Jones doesn't usually grumble. The canteen staff don't usually complain. The boss doesn't usually swear. They don't usually pay us in dollars. He doesn't usually write with his left hand. They don't usually walk to work. He doesn't usually lunch alone. She doesn't usually stand by the window. He doesn't usually sit with his feet on the desk. The boss doesn't usually use a calculator. She doesn't usually criticize us. He doesn't usually make a fuss about nothing. She doesn't usually bring the tea round. The boss doesn't usually smile at us. They don't usually leave early. He doesn't usually lock the filing cabinets. He doesn't type his own letters. (Omit own.) He doesn't usually empty the wastepaper baskets himself. (Omit himself.) He doesn't usually take papers home. He doesn't usually watch the clock. 46 Tenses: present and past continuous PEG 171A, 308B A: If I go by bus – B (interrupting): Oh, are you thinking of going by bus? A: What did you say? B: I asked if you were thinking of going by bus. A: If I ring Peter – B (interrupting): Oh, are you thinking of ringing Peter? A: What did you say? B: I asked if you were thinking of ringing Peter. If I ... sell the car – leave tomorrow – give up my job – ask Jack – emigrate to Australia – buy a dog – hire a car – sleep in a tent – go to Morocco – send a telegram – have him followed – complain to the manager – threaten him – offer him a bribe – rob a bank – paint the house myself – hitch-hike – report it to the police – apply for the job – throw a brick through his window – 47 Tenses: present and past continuous PEG 166, 179 A: John's reading The Times B: No, he isn't. He's reading the Telegraph. A: Tom was waiting for a bus. B: No, he wasn't. He was waiting for a taxi. The student must disagree with the first remark and repeat it with another suitable noun. Remember that the first auxiliary isn't, wasn't etc. will be strongly stressed but the second one will carry the normal weak stress. She's buying bananas. They're going to Rome. He was eating fish and chips. She's ordering chops. They were living in England. He's writing a novel. They're drinking gin. He's playing the trumpet. She's dancing with Jack. She's working for a stockbroker. He was working beside Ann. She's smoking a cigarette. They're speaking Italian. She's complaining about the food. They were listening to the news. They're coming back on Monday. They're arriving at six. She was picking apples. He was looking for his sister. She was lying on the floor. 48 Tenses: present simple and continuous, past continuous PEG 166, 173, 179 This is an exercise for three students. We shall call them Jack, Tom and Mary. Каталог: edata -> EBook edata -> LỜi cam đoan edata -> LỜi cam đoan tôi xin cam đoan đây là luận văn được nghiên cứu độc lập của riêng tôi. Các số liệu, kết quả nghiên cứu trong luận văn này là trung thực, đáng tin cậy và chưa từng được ai công bố trong bất kỳ công trình nào kác edata -> LỜi cam đoan edata -> LỜi cam đoan edata -> 1. 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