Simple present (Thì hiện tại đơn) Với động từ to be (+) I am You, We,They are



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Verbs of perception (động từ chỉ giác quan): see, watch, hear, …

Active: S + see + O + V/ V-ing +…

Passive: S + be + seen + to V/ V-ing + …

Ex: They saw her come in


  • She was seen to come in.

  1. Verbs of opinion (động từ chỉ ý kiến): say, think, believe, report,…

Active: S + say + (that) + clause (S2 +V2 + O2…)

Passive:

Ex: People said that he had gone abroad.

It was said that he had gone abroad. - It + be + said + (that) + clause



- S2 + be + said + to V

  • + to have + PP

  • He was said to have gone abroad.

  1. Imperative sentence: (câu mệnh lệnh)

  1. V + O + A -> Let + O + be + PP + A

Ex: Write your name here.

  • Let your name be written here.

  1. Để bảo người khác phải sắp xếp việc gì được làm cho họ, ta thường dùng get + PP

Ex: Get vaccinated as soon as you can.

  1. Note:

“Let” thường không được dùng ở dạng bị động, ta thường dùng allow thay cho let: (S) + let + Sb + do sth -> Sb +be + allowed + to do sth

Ex: He let me go out -> I was allowed to go out.



Exercise 2: Dùng hình thức đúng của động từ trong ngoặc:

  1. Toshico had her car (repair) by a mechanic.

  2. Ellen got Marvin (type) her paper.

  3. We got our house (paint) last week.

  4. Dr Byrd is having the students (write) a composition.

  5. Mark got his transcripts (send) to the university.

  6. Maria is getting her hair (cut) tomorrow.

  7. He was seen (climb)in the tree yesterday.

  8. Gene got his book (publish) by a subsidy publisher.

  9. Will Mr Brown have the porter (carry) his luggage to his car?

  10. My sister has had a new dress (make) recently.



  1. Relative clauses ( mệnh đề quan hệ)

- Mệnh đề quan hệ còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ vì nó là mệnh đề phụ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được lối với các mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ như who, whom, which, whose, that hoặc các phó từ quan hệ when, where, why

- Vị trí: Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa

1. Who: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người nó đứng sau danh từ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó

I saw the woman. She wrote the book

S (người) -> who wrote the book


2. Whom: là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ người. Nó đứng sau danh từ chỉ người và làm tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó. (whom có thể lược bỏ)

I know the man. You want to meet him

O (người) -> whom you want to meet


  • I know the man whom you want to meet

3. Which:

- Which là một đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật nó có thể đứng sau danh từ chỉ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó



The pencil is mine. The pencil is on the desk

S (vật) -> which is on the desk



  • The pencil which is on the desk is mine

The dress is beautiful. She is wearing that dress.

O (vật) -> which she is wearing




  • The dress which she is wearing is beautiful

(Khi which làm tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó which có thể lược bỏ: The dress she is wearing is beautiful)

“That” có thể được dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trong trường hợp không theo sau dấu phẩy và giới từ.



4. Whose: là một đằit quan hệ đứng sau từ chỉ người và thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ. Whose cũng được dùng cho vật (= of which)

The girl is my sister. You took the girl’s picture

whose picture you took




  • The girl whose picture you took is my sister.

He showed me his car. The engine of the car is good

The engine of which is good




  • He showed me his car, the engine of which is good


Bảng tóm tắt

Chữ đứng trước

Chức năng



Chỉ người

Chỉ vật

Chủ ngữ (Subject)

Tân ngữ (object)

Sở hữu (Possessive)


WHO

WHOM


WHOSE

WHICH

WHICH


OF WHICH (WHOSE)


Exercise 1: Điền đại từ quan hệ đúng (who, whom, which, whose) vào các khoảng trống:

  1. The boys……… are playing in the garden are my cousins.

  2. He finally married the girl……. he loved.

  3. The flowers…….my friend gave me have withered.

  4. Mary is the girl……..bicycle was stolen yesterday.

  5. The vegetables……..Mr Green sells are not fresh.

  6. Is this the book….you lost?

  7. The singer…..you like best is Miss White.

  8. The street…..leands to my school is very wide.

  9. Your friend, …… name I can’t remember, made a lot of noise.

  10. The rever from…….we get our water-supply is nearly empty.

Exercise 2: Kết hợp các cặp câu sau, sử dụng đại từ quan hệ Who, Whom, Which, Whose

  1. Alice is my friend. Alice’s mother died last year.

  2. The boy will be punished. He threw that stone.

  3. My sister wants to speak to you. You met my sister yesterday.

  4. The flowers were roses. I bought the flowers for my sister.

  5. Do you know the boy? He sat next to me at the dinner party.

  6. Swimming makes people strong. Swimming is a good sport.

  7. The woman is a nurse. Wwe saw the woman’s daughter last week.

  8. The man is the doctor. My parents bought the man’s house.

  9. The car was very modern. Mr Green was driving the car.

  10. the paint on the chair is still wet. You are sitting on that chair.

  11. The man is a secretary. You saw the man at the desk.

  12. The house was built twenty years ago. We are living in the house.

  13. The girl is very beautiful. Her dress is red.

  14. Wiliam is my uncle. I went fishing with Wiliam last Sunday.

  15. Jane is a woman. Jane is going to China next year.


  1. Relative adverbs.(phó từ quan hệ)

1.When: là một phó từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian.

- When đứng sau danh từ chỉ thời gian, when được dùng thay cho( at/ on/ in +which/ then)

Ví dụ:

Monday is the day. We will come then.



(thời gian) when we will come

(on which)

2. Where là một phó từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn

- Where đứng sau danh từ chỉ nơi chốn

- Where được dùng thay cho (at/ on/ in + which/ there)

I never forget the village. I was born there.

(nơi chốn) Where I was born


  • I never forget the village where I was born.

( in which)

3. Why: Là một phó từ quan hệ chỉ lí do

- Why đứng sau từ “ the reason” (lí do)

Ex: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad

Exercise: Nối các cặp câu sau đây dùng cặp từ quan hệ When, Where.


  1. That’s the room. The meeting is help in that room.

  2. I’ll always remember the day. I first saw that sight on that day.

  3. She was born in Malaysia. Rubber trees grow well there.

  4. No one knows the school. My uncle taught at that school 10 years ago.

  5. Please ask them the time. The train started the trip at that time.

  6. New Year’s Day is a day. All family members gather and enjoy a family dinner then.

  7. There are many hotels. Tourists can enjoy their holidays there.

  8. We’ll take you to Dalat. You can enjoy pure air there.

  9. You can’t enjoy hiking in winter. Snow covers everything in winter.

  10. The field is very fertile. They plant potatoes in the field.




  1. Comparison (so sánh)

  1. So sánh bằng nhau:

As + adj/adv + As = bằng, như

Ex: John is as tall as tom.

She runs as quickly as her brother.

Not as/ so…..as = không bằng

Less…….than = kém hơn.

Ex: He is not so good as his brother.

I am less rich than you.

II. So sánh hơn:


  1. Đối với tính từ ngắn (có 1 vần), tính từ có 2 vần tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, “er”, và trạng từ ngắn có một vần:

Adj/ adv + er + than = hơn

Ex: Mr Brown is older thanh my father.

He drives faster than I (do).


  1. Đối với các tính từ có 3 vần trở lên hoặc có 2 vần nhưng không có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, “er” và trạng từ dài (trạng từ có 2 vần trở lên, trừ early):

More + adj/adv + than = hơn

Ex: A car is more expensive than a bicycle.



  1. So sánh hơn nhất:

  1. Đối với tính từ ngắn (có 1 vần), tính từ có hai vần tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, “er” và trạng từ ngắn (có 1 vần):

The + adj/adv + est = nhất

Ex: Grandfather is the oldest in my family.



  1. Đối với các tính từ có 3 vần trở lên hoặc có 2 vần nhưng không có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, “er” và trạng từ dài (trạng từ có 2 vần trở lên, trừ early):

The most + adj/adv = nhất.

Ex: This is the most difficult lesson in the book.



  • Một số trường hợp đặc biệt của tính từ và trạng từ

Tính từ/ Trạng từ

So sánh hơn

So sánh nhất

Good/ well

Bad/ badly

Many/ much

Little


Far

Better

Worse


More

Less


Farther

Further


The best

The worst

The most

The least

The farthest

The furthest


Ex: This novel is better than that one.

He speaks English worse than other students.

Exercise: Đặt tính từ trong ngoặc ở dạng so sánh đúng.


  1. Gold is (precious) than iron.

  2. Cigarette paper is (thin) of all papers.

  3. My bicycle is (expensive) as yours

  4. The weather today is (warm) than the weather yesterday.

  5. This film is not (good) as the one we saw last week.

  6. Holidays are (pleasant) than working days.

  7. Which is ( high) mountain in your country?

  8. a horse is (strong) than a dog.

  9. Robert is (fat) than his brother.

  10. The Pacific is (large) ocean in the world.

  11. Is he (studious) as his sister?

  12. My cold is (bad) today than it was yesterday.

  13. The story you told me was (funny) of all.

  14. Jane is the (little) athletic of all the women.

  15. Nobody is (happy) than Maria.

  1. Double comparative (so sánh kép)

The + comparative + S + V, the + comparative + S + V

Ex: The hotter it is, the more misertable I feel.

The higher we flew, the worse Emma felt.

The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.

The more + S +V, The + comparative + S + V

Ex: The more you study, the smarter you become.

The more money he spent, the poorer he became.

Exercise: Kết hợp những câu sau thành một câu, dùng Double Comparative.


  1. They get fat. They feel weak.

  2. He trains hard. He feels strong.

  3. The lesson is dificult. We try hard.

  4. The house is large. It is expensive.

  5. New Year comes near. People are busy.

  6. We produce much rice. It is cheap.

  7. The play was interesting. It attracted many people.

  8. We plant many trees. We preserve much soil.

  9. The worker built good roads. They needed a lot of equipment.

  10. The soil was poor. The farmers try hard.



  1. So…that” và “such…that”

I So …. that

Bắt đầu cho một mệnh đề phụ chỉ kết quả.



So + adj/ adv + that – clause. ( quá …. đến nỗi)

Ex: The weather is so bad that I have to stay at home.

He spoke so fast that I didn’t understand him.


  • Muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa “quá nhiều… đến nỗi” ta dùng:

So many + danh từ đếm được, số nhiều + that – clause.

So much + danh từ không đếm được, số ít + that – clause

Ex: He has so many books that he can’t read all of them.

There was so much noise that I couldn’t sleep.



  1. Such…. that

Cũng bắt đầu cho mệnh đề phụ chỉ kết quả. Tuy nhiên Such…that được dùng với một danh từ thường có tính từ bổ nghĩa đứng trước.

Such + (a/an) +adj +Noun + that – clause.

Ex: She is such a beautiful girl that everybody admires her.

It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it.

They are such interesting books that we want to look at them again.



Exercise: Kết hợp mỗi cặp câu sau, dùng “so…that”, “such…that”

  1. My friend is too sick. He can’t go to school.

  2. The food was very good. We finished it up in just a few minutes.

  3. New York was a very big city. Jane was lost in it.

  4. My neighbours are very bad persons. They made noise all day.

  5. She bough too many things. She couldn’t bring them home at a time.

  6. She is quite poor. She can’t buy a bicycle.

  7. He gave us very good advice. All of us are thankful to him.

  8. There is too much furniture in the room. We don’t have enough space for the meeting.

  9. Lan was very busy. She couldn’t go to the movies with us.

  10. Mr Green drank too much wine. He got sick.


  1. too…to” or “enough to”.

  1. too…to”: quá…không thể.

Hình thức “Too…to” được dỳng để chỉ một nguyên nhân đưa tới một kết quả phủ định.

too + adj/ adv +to – infinitive.

Ex: He is too young to go to school.

She ran too slowly to catch the train.

+ Nếu động từ theo sau diễn tả một sự việc được thực hiện bởi chủ ngữ vủa động từ đI trước, thì ta dùng:



too + adj/ adv + for somebody + to - infinitive.

Ex: The questions are too difficult for us to answer.

The box was too heavy for the children to carry.

+ Nếu tân ngữ của động từ theo sau thuộc cùng một ngưòi hoặc một vật với chủ ngữ của động từ đI trước thì ta không nhắc lại nó:

Ex: The book is too expensive for us to buy. (Không dùng It sau buy).

II: “enough to…” đủ…để có thể.

Hình thức “enough to…” dùng để chỉ một nguyên nhân đưa tới một kết quả tất nhiên.



Adj/ adv + enough to – infinitive.

Ex: He is sick enough to need a doctor.

The policeman ran fast enough to catch the thief.

+ Nếu động từ theo sau diễn tả một sự việc được thực hiện bởi chủ ngữ khác với chủ ngữ của động từ đI trước, thì ta dùng:

Adj/ adv + enough for somebody = to – infinitive.

Ex: The exercises are easy enough for you to do.

He spoke English slowly enough for us to understand.

+ Nếu tân ngữ của động từ theo sau thuộc cùng một người hoặc một vật với chủ ngữ của động từ đI trước, thì ta không nhắc lại nó:

Ex: The questions were easy enough for me to answer.

(không dùng THEM sau ANSWER)

+ Enough to có thể dùng sau một danh từ, thay vì sau một tính từ hoặc một phó từ.

Ex: He has money enough to buy a new car.

(He has enough money to buy a new car)

Exercise: Kết hợp các câu sau, dùng “too…to” hoặc “enough to”


      1. These oranges are ripe. You can eat them.

      2. He is strong. He can carry this table.

      3. The house is large. My family can live in it.

      4. It was very late. They didn’t go to the party.

      5. The dress is so dirty. She can’t wear it.

      6. She is tall. She can reach the top shelf.

      7. Mr Brown isn’t rich. He can’t buy a car.

      8. My grandmother is very weak. She can’t go to walk.



      1. Forms of verb (dạng của động từ)

  1. To – infinitive (to V - đông từ nguyen thể có to): sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau:

+ Sau các động từ: want, intend, decide, offer, promise, refuse, wish,…

+ Sau các tính từ: glad, happy, ready, kind,…

+ Sau phó từ: : enough, too.

+ Trong cấu trúc: It + take+ O +(time) + to V.

+ Trong cấu trúc: S + V + O + (not) + to V (với V là: ask, get, tell, advise, request,…)

+ Biểu đạt mục đích thay cho: “in order to”



  1. Bare infinitive: sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau:

+ Sau Modal Verbs như: “can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, would rather, had better.”

+ Trong cấu trúc với V la: make, let, have, (cause active)

+ Trong cấu trúc với V là đông từ tri giác (see, smell, notice,…)


  1. Verb – ing: sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau:

+ Sau một số động từ : avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, practive, stop,…

+ Sau các Phrasal Verbs: to be used to, to get accustomed to, to look forward to, to have a good time/ difficult/ trouble, to spend/ wasste time, to be busy, to be worth, it’s no use,…)

+ Trong cấu trúc với động từ là động từ tri giác biểu đạt hành động đang tiếp diễn.

­+ Sau các giới từ như: about, of, with, without,…



  1. Past participle: được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:

+ Trong thì Present Perfect: Have + PP.

+ Trong Passive Voise: Be + PP.

+ Trong cấu trúc Causative Passive: Have + something + PP.

+ Bắt đàu cho một ngữ phân từ mang nghĩa passive.



Exercise: Chia động từ trong ngoặc:

  1. Tourists could see fish (swim) along the brook.

  2. We enjoy (swim) along this river.

  3. The form teacher has asked Jack (write) an essay on the Thames.

  4. It sometimes may be dificult (get) a taxi during rush-hours.

  5. The rain has made th children (stop) their games.

  6. She tells th driver (take) her to the râiưy station.

  7. Does Mrs Green have them (carry) those books back home?

  8. The principal notied those pupils (try) harder and harder.

  9. Children have just stopped (play) football.

  10. They keep (talk) about an old friend they met yesterday.

  11. Is Black Pool (visit) by thousands of tourist each year?

  12. We hears Mr Brown (park) his car near the gate.

  13. They’ve finished (do) their homework.

  14. They had their house (paint) before Tet holidays.

  15. I advised him (wait) for me at the airport.

  16. Would you mind (help) me with this work?

  17. Do you smell something (burn) in the kitchen?

  18. Mother requests her daughter not (come) back home late.

  19. We shall have the grass (cut) tomorrow.

  20. They noticed lots of sheep (graze) in green meadows.

      1. Cách dùng một số dạng thức đặc biệt.

  1. It +(takes/ took/ will take) + (somebody/ something) + to – infinitive.

Hình thức trên được dùng khi diễn tả thời gian cần thiết để hoàn thành một sự việc gì:

Ex: It takes one hour to do these exercises.

It took me twenty minutes to walk to the station.

It will take the plane two hours to fly to Hanoi.



Exercise 1: Viết lại các câu sau, bắt đầu bằng “it takes/ took/ will take…”

  1. You will get there in about two hours.

  2. I wrote this letter in thirty minutes.

  3. She learned to speak English well in only one year.

  4. We study this book in six months.

  5. I wash and dress in less than twenty minutes every morning.

  6. They finished the bridge in four years.

  7. Our bus will reach the city in half an hour.

  8. My mother prepared the meal all morning.

  9. She learned to swim in just a few days.

  10. Mr Brown wrote the report in five hours.

  1. USE”, “USED TO”, “BE USED TO”

+ USE: dùng, sử dụng.

S + use + (something) + to – infinitive

Ex: The farmers use these knives to cut the lawn.

This pen is use to write letters.

+ USED TO: đã thường, đã từng



S + used to + bare infinitive.

Ex: He used to visit me on Sunday last year.

I used to swim in this river when I was a child.

+ Be (get) used to: quen với.



S + be (get) used to + V-ing (or Noun).

Ex: He is used to getting up early.

My mother gets used to hot weather.

Exercise 2: Dùng hình thức đúng của động từ trong ngoặc.


  1. He used to (do) research in this library.

  2. My mother used this knife (cut) an orange.

  3. This farther is used to (cut) grass with a knife.

  4. When my grandfather was young, he used to (work) twele hours a day.

  5. Is your borther used to (drive) a tractor?

  6. She used a pencil (write) this letter.

  7. Are they used to (swim) in the sea.

  8. John used to (be punished) by his teacher.

  9. Is the wood pulp used to (make) paper?

  10. I am getting used to (stay) up late.


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