Part 1: introduction rationale


Colleague (same age, opposite sex)



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Colleague (same age, opposite sex)

In comparison with the analysis about colleague (same age, same sex), the number here share the same in the proportion of hedging strategy 5 which occupies the peak with 33%. Therefore, these sayings are so much popular in the collection:



  • Đức à, bạn thi trượt lần này rồi, đừng buồn nhé, hãy cố gắng lên lần sau thành công”

  • Bạn bị nghỉ việc ở đây rồi nhưng bạn sẽ tìm được công việc tốt hơn ở đây”.

  • Anh cố gắng lần sau nhé”

  • Cô ấy không yêu bạn đâu nhưng tôi tin bạn sẽ tìm được một người hiểu bạn”

  • Cậu hãy bình tĩnh khi nghe mình báo tin buồn này nhé”.

  • Bạn bị mắc bệnh nan y đấy nhưng chúng ta nên lạc quan vào cuộc sống, bây giờ y học tiến bộ rồi”.

  • Anh nên xem lại tình cảm của cô ấy dành cho anh..”

Next, other strategies also demonstrate as small percentage as colleague (same age, same sex) such as strategy 1 (12%), strategy 3 (3%) and strategy 4 (6%)



  • Strategy 1: “Mình nghĩ có lẽ cô ấy không thích cậu đâu”/ “Em nghĩ rằng anh ấy không yêu chị đâu”.

  • Strategy 2: “Tôi không hiểu làm sao anh lại bị sa thải vậy”

  • Strategy 4: “Tôi rất tiếc phải thông báo với ông là ông bị sa thải rồi”.

  • Strategy 3: “Anh bị thôi việc vì công việc này không phù hợp với anh. Nếu tôi là anh, tôi sẽ thử sức trong một lĩnh vực khác”.

However, the rate of informants saying directly, not hedging is smaller than those which of colleague (same age, same sex), only 6% equally one third of the same column. Moreover, the number of informants using strategy 8 in colleague (same age, opposite sex) is much higher with 24%. These differences, from the author’s viewpoint, may originate from the factor “gender”, which is analyzed and discussed later. Here come some sayings belonging to strategy 8 in this situation.



  • Ông thiếu ¼ điểm nữa thôi”

  • Tình yêu cần đến từ hai phía, nếu chỉ từ một phía ông là không đủ đâu”

  • Ông có rất nhiều người để lựa chọn, cô ấy không thích ông đâu”

  • Có lẽ từ ngày mai ông không phải đến công ty nữa đâu”.

  • Bệnh tật không phải là cái đáng sợ nhất, đáng sợ nhất là đánh mất niềm tin đấy”.


Acquaintance (about 10 years older than you)

The data witnesses the fact that strategies 5, 8 and 10 are the most privileged (39% and 36%). The second most used is strategy 1 with 18% and the least prime strategies are 3 and 7 numbered with low rate 3% and 4%. Since all the hedging strategies are resorted to, it might be the case that one is well aware of the risk of being respectful and perk when not using hedges in giving bad news to an acquaintance who is about ten years older.



  • Strategy 5: “Hãy cố gắng, hãy bình tĩnh nghe tôi thông báo tin này…”/ “Công việc này không phù hợp với bạn, bạn sẽ tìm được công việc tốt hơn”/ “Anh nên xem lại tình cảm của cô ấy dành cho anh”.

  • Strategy 8: “Tình hình điểm năm nay hơi căng anh ạ”/ “Em thấy anh ấy là người rất đào hoa”/ “Tôi nghĩ các sếp đã không đánh giá đúng năng lực của anh rồi”.


Acquaintance (about 5 years younger than you)

Statistically, to the author’s surprise, the number of people in favor of keeping silent (strategy 10) is too high: 60%. This is perhaps because S is afraid that what is said can hurt the addressee. That is why he chooses not to do any FTAs, thus not interfering H’s territory. By the same token, it may be cause of the age of the H to make S find it unnecessary to verbally give bad news. Continually, the second strategy mostly used is number 8 highlighted with 32% then strategy 5 with 21% and no hedging strategy 18%. In addition, how exciting it is when the S combines two strategies each other to make their utterance available. For example:



  • Strategy 5 and 8: “Còn rất nhiều người tốt đang mong em cho họ một cơ hội, em đừng chạy theo cái bóng như anh ta”/ “Hãy dũng cảm lên em, mọi người đều bên em và yêu em, bệnh này của em vẫn có nhiều cách chữa mà”.

  • Strategy 1 and 8: “Chuyện tình cảm của em với X chị nghĩ có nhiều vấn đề không phù hợp đâu”/ “Em thấy có lẽ cô ấy nên là một người bạn của em thì tốt hơn”.

  • Strategy 3 and 5: “Em là một người vững vàng nên em bình tĩnh nghe tin này nhé”


Boss

Among the variables on analysis, this chart has shown the highest percentage of Vietnamese informants keeping silent, not giving any verbal utterances – 72%. This possibly results from the relationship between the S and H. At that moment, H is not anyone but S’s boss so to make up his mind what to say is really difficult. In the nutshell, to be forced to inform the bad news, they cannot know what to say except for making use of strategy 1 (33%), 4 (22%) and 8 (18%) with low rate of strategy 5 (6%) and saying directly without any hedges (6%)



  • Strategy 1: “Em thấy cô ấy không xứng với sếp”/ “Em có điều này không biết có nên nói với sếp không?”

  • Strategy 4: “Em lấy làm tiếc khi báo với sếp tin này ….”

  • Strategy 5: “Sếp hãy bình tĩnh nghe em nói nhé”.

  • Strategy 8: “Ai được sếp yêu sẽ rất hạnh phúc nhưng có lẽ sếp đã đặt tình yêu nhầm vào cô ấy rồi”/ “Ai cũng có những lúc thất bại, không ai hoàn hảo cả. Sếp cũng vậy”.

  • No hedging strategy: “Thời gian vừa rồi sếp bận quá nên không qua kỳ thi đâu.”/ “Cô ấy không yêu sếp đâu sếp ạ”/ “Báo cáo sếp, sếp đã nghe tin gì chưa? Sếp bị sa thải”.


Employee

Overall, as can be seen in the chart, strategy 10 and using no hedge strategy is a prime selection in the situation with employee. The informants are thought to have much power on their employees so they do not have to investigate so many hedging strategies. Before giving that bad news, they are polite to use hedge: “Tôi lấy làm tiếc khi báo tin…”/ “Tôi nghĩ rằng, tôi thấy có vẻ…”/ “Anh/ em hãy cố gắng ….”/ “Hôm qua đi xem phim tôi gặp H đi với bạn trai cô ấy đấy….”. Additionally, S informs the news to H directly: “Cậu thi cử thế nào mà trượt thế?”/ “Anh bị sa thải”/ “Chị thường xuyên đi muộn, không có trách nhiệm với công việc nên chị bị sa thải…..”


Summary

After analyzing all the situations to find out the influence of communicating partners’ parameter on their decision to use hedge strategies, a table of summary is written to show the clearest similarities and differences among the relationships emerged above the situations. “S/he is your best friend” and “S/he is the one you dislike” make the differences inside the factor “social distance”; “S/he is your colleague” (same age, same sex/ opposite sex) proves the affect of “gender”; the factor of “age” is expressed in two situations: “S/he is your acquaintance” (about 10 years older than you/ about 5 years younger than you). The last one which should be considered is “power” in situations: “S/he is your boss” and “S/he is your employee”.



Table 3: Communicating partners’ parameters


Communicating

partner


Best friend

One you dislike

Colleague (same age, same sex)

Colleague (same age, opposite sex)

Acquaintance (about 10 years older)

Acquaintance (5 years younger)

Boss

Employee




(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Strategy 1

18




18

12

18

6

33

15

Strategy 2




9




3













Strategy 3

6

3

3

3

4

6




3

Strategy 4

15

6

12

6

9

8

22

27

Strategy 5

87

6

27

33

39

21

6

21

Strategy 6

21






















Strategy 7

9

3







3










Strategy 8

12

21

18

24

36

32

18

6

Strategy 9

6






















Strategy 10




30

6

6

36

60

72

35

No hedging strategy

6

66

18

6




18

6

40

In brief, as can be discussed from the table, seldom do VNSs informants use strategy 2, 3, 6, 7, and 9. Instead, they mainly investigate strategy 1, 5, 8, 10 and no hedging strategy. Nonetheless, the frequency of those above strategies is exploited differently based on relationship pairs.



As for “social distance”, to the best friend, S is certainly willing to propose an option which he thinks could be possible for H to take, i.e. strategy 5 but they have already kept silent even have not hedged any to inform bad news to the one they dislike. Probably, S does not care so much of H’s emotion in situation 2 when being given that unwanted news. Next, as regards with giving the news to the colleague who has the opposite sex with S, s/he tends to be more vague than to the colleague who has the same sex with her/ him because the informer possibly feels uncomfortable to give that news. Furthermore, S informs the news more directly without using any hedging strategies to H with same sex than to H with opposite sex. Visibly, “gender” has much effect on the choice of using hedging strategy.
It is also noted from the table the thesis author is convinced that power and age play a significant role in seeking and choosing hedging strategies. In other words, the bigger the generation gap is, the less strategy 10 (keeping silent) and no hedging strategy used are. Clearly, the informers dare not to say plainly or even ignore H who is much older than them. To add some more, one can take power into careful consideration when giving bad news to his/ her boss because inappropriate or straightforward informing can be regarded as ill-mannered, impertinent, and insolent. Accordingly, to the person who is much more powerful, the delivers have no other way but to keep silent. Silence to the boss in the parameter “power”, as a saying goes, is as precious as gold. However, when in a superior position, people tend to use more directness to their inferiors so the percentage of no hedging strategy in the column “employee” is much higher than the previous column with 40%.
3.2.3.2. In terms of informants’ parameters

Table 4: Informants’ parameters





Age

Gender

Marital status

Occupation

Living area

Category

>

20

>

30

>

40

Male

Female

Single

Married

Teacher

Student

Accountant

Urban

Rural

S1

10

18

32

24

36

22

38

31

18

11

28

32

S2







6










6

6










9

S3







6







6




6







6




S4

17

18

11

28

18

21

25

12

30

4

30

16

S5

27

18

30

24

51

42

33

37

22

16

36

39

S6

3







3




3










3

3




S7

9







3

6

9




9







6

3

S8

15

13

25

21

32

18

35

26

9

18

33

20

S9

3

3







6




6













6

S10

18

37

30

60

35

52

33

21

37

27

48

37

No hedge

27

18

12

45

12

30

26

12

32

13

41

16

As can be shown in the table, all the hedging strategies are used differently depended on the informants’ parameters including age, gender, marital status, occupation and living area.

Firstly, in terms of age, the older they are the more frequently they use strategy 1, 5 and 8. In contrast, the younger they are the more directly they inform the bad news (the rate of no hedging strategy chosen by informants over 20 is 27%). The highest number of people keeping silent is the one over 30. It is evident that the old tend to be more indirect than the young.
Secondly, as for gender, in one word the number has exposed the fact that the female prefer indirect expression proved through their preference on strategy 1, 5 and 8. In the other word, the male’s best choice is strategy 10 (keeping silent) or informing the news directly without hedging.
Thirdly, those who are single like the strategies “offering/ suggesting option”, “keeping silent” or delivering the news plainly. Furthermore, the people whose jobs are teachers tend to use more indirectness than those who do the accounts and be students with the high rate of strategy 1, 5, and 8.
Last but not least, the rural population tends to use indirectness than the urban one. Seldom do they keep silent or give the bad news directly. In replacement, they apply strategy 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9. The urban one go straightforward to the bad news after using some similar hedges such as: “Tôi nghĩ, tôi thấy....”, “Có lẽ, có thể….”, “Mình rất lấy làm tiếc”, “Bạn hãy cố gắng, hãy bình tĩnh…”.
In conclusion, it is visible and totally reasonable that the above socio-cultural factors affect the directness and indirectness of utterances so the ways they hedge before giving bad news are different that has great influence on choosing hedging strategy.
3.2.4. Hedging before giving bad news in English

3.2.4.1. In terms of communicating partners’ parameters
Best friend

It is amazing when looking at the chart about communicating partners’ parameter: “Best friend” which expose very few strategy ENss have used. They consist of strategy 1, 4, 5, and 8. In addition, to their best friend, ENss like being vague, they really do not want to be direct that may cause much more hurt to the people they love. The vaguer they are the less number of FTAs they make. Thus, the highest proportion (45%) belongs to strategy 8: being vague. Here come some ways of hedging informers have done:



  • There is plenty of fish in the sea, she does not love you. No problem”

  • You are always beautiful for me, not for him”.

  • Failure will bring success to another occasion”.

  • Just enjoy your last remaining days”

Then S would like to give some suggestions to H in order that s/he can find out a better way to solve such the bad circumstance.

  • Go for a drink, Looh and then look for another job. This does not suit you”

  • Now it is the moment you will do your best and give all your affection to your family and children”

  • Please calm down to listen to me….”

Or possibly due to the fact that S is not sure about the accuracy of what he is saying, he must apologize before giving bad news. In this case, S also shows that he is reluctant to do such a thing that he should not have done:



  • Eli, I’m sorry but I think he’s got someone else”

  • I regret to inform that you don’t pass the exam”



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