MỘT VÀI CẤU TRÚC BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU CỦA THÌ

1.

S + V (present perfect) … + time

It is + time … + since + S + V2/ed

Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month.

2..

S + have / has not + V 3/ed

It is the first time + S + have / has + V 3/ed

S + last + V (past) … when … The last time + clause + was …

Ex: I haven’t heard him since August.

I haven’t seen him since I was a student.

91. Mr. Brown was last seen in July 1928.

A. Mr. Brown has not been able to see since July 1928.

B. No one has seen Mr. Brown since July 1928.

C. Mr. Brown didn’t see anyone in July 1928.

D. No one saw Mr. Brown until July 1928.

92. When the power failed, we went to a restaurant for dinner.

A. We had dinner at a restaurant because of a power cut.

B. The power failed just as we were going out for dinner.

C. We were having dinner at a restaurant when the power failed.

D. There was going to be a power cut, so we went out for dinner.

93. She told me she had to be home by ten o’clock

A. She told me she had to be home by ten o’clock.

B.She said me it was necessary for her to get home before ten o’clock.

C.She told me that she would be going home at ten o’clock.

D.She said that she usually reached her home before ten o’clock.

94. She hasn’t seen her family for years.

A. She didn’t see her family for a long time.

B. It’s the last time she saw her family years ago.

C. It’s years ago she has seen her family.

D. It’s years since she last saw her family.

95. Could you tell me her address?

A. Do you know what is her address? B. You know what is her address?

C. Do you know what her address is? D. Did you know what her address was?

96. When did you begin to work here?

A. How long did you work here? B. How long did you begin working here?

C. How long are you working here? D. How long have you been working here?

97. I haven’t seen my aunt for years.

A. I haven’t met my aunt for long ago. B. The last time I met my aunt since years ago.

C. I last saw my aunt years ago. D. I didn’t see my aunt years ago.

98. She started work three months ago.

A. It is three months since she started work. B. She had been working for three months.

C. She is working here for three months now. D. It’s three months that she worked for.

99. My career as a teacher began 15 years ago.

A. I have been a teacher for 15 years now. B. I was a teacher for 15 years.

C. For 15 years have I been a teacher. D. I have started teaching for15 years now.

100. It has always been my ambition to become a famous artist.

A. I wanted to become a famous artist. B. Always in my life do I want to become a famous artist.

C. I have always dreamt of becoming a famous artist.

D. Dreaming of becoming a famous artist, I always have that ambition.

• 
  Để dễ nhớ, ta chia hình thức động từ loại động từ :
  

+ To infinitive (động từ nguyên mẫu có To) ----> V1

+ Simple past( qúa khứ đơn) Vo-ED/ V2 ----> V2

+ Past participle: qúa khứ phân từ : V3/ Vo-ED ---> V3

+ Present participle Hiện tại phân tư :Vo+ing ---> V4

( chức năng như tính từ hay dùng trong thì tiếp diễn

+ Gerund Danh động từ:(Vo+ing)

(chức năng như danh từ hoặc động từ)----> V4

* Động từ chia theo ý nghĩa có động từ đặc biệt và động từ thường, chia theo dạng có 3 dạng chính như sau:

Bare infinitive (V₀)

Infinitive :

Gerund (V₀ + ing )

Past Participle  Vo ed/V₃ ( V₃ )

Participle :

Present Participle - Vo + ing(V₄ )

I. Bare infinitive : (bare) động từ nguyên mẫu khơng to

1. Sau modal verb ( động từ khiếm khuyết )

2. Sau auxilary verb : do, does, did.

3. Sau make, let, help ( sau help có thể có To inf ).

Passive voice  dùng to inf theo sau. Trừ let

4. Sau động từ chỉ giác quan:(verbs of perception ) : see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch, notice …

S + V + object

Vo ( ing )  hành động đang diễn ra

5. Sau had better ( tốt hơn ) would rather ( thà thì hơn ), had sooner.

6. Sau thành ngữ : to do nothing but + Vo ( bare ) : không làm gì cả mà chỉ.

Can not but + Vo(bare): không còn cách nào khác.

7. Causative form (Thể sai khiến):

S + have + object ( chỉ người ) + Vo (bare).

8. Simple present tense : I, you, we, they +Vo (bare).

9. Bắt đầu câu mệnh lệnh: ( imprative )

1. Làm subject  V(sing) (review formal subject)

2. Làm object of verb : S + V + to inf (as an object )

3. Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ ( object complement ) ;

S + V + obj + to infinitive

4. Làm adjective  rút gọn adjective clause ( relative clause ) đứng sau danh từ  review how to reduce relative clause.

5. Làm adverb  rút gọn : adverbbial clause of result : đứng sau adj

Rút gọn: adverbial clause of purpose: chỉ mục đích

5a. Rút gọn clause of result theo công thức sau ( phrase of result )

S + V + too adj/adv ( for object )+ to inf

S + V + adj/adv enough (for object )+to inf

5b. Rút gọn : clause of purpose theo mẫu sau ( phrase of purpose )

S + V + in order for object to inf

so as to inf

6. It + take+ (object) + time + to inf

7. Causative form: S+ get + object ( chỉ người ) + to inf

8. Sau một số động từ sau đây:

8.a Những động từ sau đây, theo sau là to infinitive : S + V + to inf

1. afford : cung cấp đủ 2. agree : đồng ý 3. appear : có vẻ 4. arrange : sắp xếp 5. ask : hỏi 6. attempt : cố gắng 7. beg : đề nghị, xin 8. care : quan tâm 9. claim : cho là, tuyên bố 10. consent : đồng ý, tán thành 11. decide : quyết định 12. demand : yêu cầu 13. deserve : xứng đáng 14. expect : trông đợi 15. dare : dám 16. fail : thất bại 17. forget : quên ( tương lai ) 18. hesitate : ngập ngừng 19. hope : hy vọng 20. learn : học

21. manage : xoay xở 22. mean : muốn 23. need : cần ( chủ động, người ) 24. offer : mời 25. plan : dự định, kế hoạch 26. prepare : chuẩn bị 27. pretend : giả vờ 28. promise : hứa 29. refuse : từ chối 30. regret : tiếc ( tương lai ) 31. remember : nhớ (tương lai ) 32. seem : dường như 33. struggle : đấu tranh, cố gắng 34. swear : thề 35. threaten : dọa 36. tend : có khuynh hướng 37. volunteer : tình nguyện, xung phong 38. wait : đợi 39. want : muốn ( chủ động ) 40. wish : ao ước

8.b Những động từ sau đây, theo sau là Obj + to inf: S + V + objective + to inf

1. advise : khuyên 2. allow: cho phép 3. ask : hỏi, đòi hỏi 4. beg : năn nỉ, xin 5. cause : gây ra 6. challenge : thách thức, thách đố 7. convince : thuyết phục 8. dare : dám 9. encourage :khuyến khích 10. expect : trông đợi 11. forbid : cấm 12. force : bắt buộc 13. hire : thuê, mướn 14. instruct : chỉ dẫn 15. invite : mời 16. need : cần 17. tempt : cám dỗ 18. intend : dự định 19. order : ra lệnh 20. permit : cho phép 21. persuade : thuyết phục 22. remind : nhắc lại

23. require : yêu cầu 24. recommend : khuyên 25. teach : dạy 26. tell : bảo 27. urge : thúc giục, thuyết phục 28. want : muốn 29. warn : cảnh báo 30. help : giúp đỡ 31. would like : thích 32. would prefer : thích 33. appoint : chỉ định ai làm gì 34. charge : giao nhiệm vụ 35. choose : lựa chọn 36. compel : cưỡng bách 37. defy : thách 38. desire : ao ước, thèm thuồng 39. direct : hướng dẫn, chỉ huy 40. implore : yêu cầu 41. provoke : xúi giục 42. Teach, explain, know, understand, discover, consider, think, believe + how + to inf :Chỉ cách thức

III. Gerund : Danh động từ

A. Gerund as a noun ( subj , obj, complement & appositive)

1. Làm chủ ngữ  V(sing)  ( real subject & informal subject ).

2. Làm tân ngữ

Object of verb : S + V + V- ing ( gerund ).

Object of preposition  sau preposition + V-ing.

. Làm subject complement:

Ex: My hobby is swimming ( gerund )

4. Làm appositive (ngữ đồng vị )

5. Đứng sau thành ngữ : it is no use, it is no good :

there is no use, there is no good: vô ích

can’t stand / bear / help : không thể chịu được

6. Sau hai tính từ : busy, worth

7. Thành lập noun compound ( danh từ kép )

Gerund + N  flying machine

1. Thêm trợ từ have+Vo-ED/V3 ( past participle ) perfect tense

2.Thêm trợ từ Be +VoED/V3(past participle) passive voice

3. Làm chức năng như adjective  passive meaning  cĩ thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ

( adjective clause or relative clause )

+ Có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.

+ Có thể rút gọn câu khi một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động.

4. Thành lập adjective compound: tính từ kép

N  man – made

Adj + V ( PP – VoED/V3 )  new – born

Adv  well – known

6. Thêm “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp  V(plural )

educated(adj) the educated:những người có giáo dục.

7. Thành lập causative form : thể truyền khuyến

S +have/get +object (chỉ vật)+ V ( PP – Vo ED/V₃ )

V. Present participle ( Vo + ing) hiện tại phân từ.

1. Thêm trợ từ Be + Vo-ing để thành lập thì continuous tense.

2. Làm tính từ ® mang nghĩa chủ động ( active meaning )

® có thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ ( adjective clause or relative clause )

® có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nhượng bộ, lý do và điều kiện .

® một chủ ngữ thực hiện 2 hành động có thể dùng present participle để rút gọn.

3. Thêm mạo từ “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp :

Ex: to live ® the living : những người đang sống.

4. Thành lập tính từ kép ( adjective compound ).

Adv ® hard - working

1. Recommend, begin, start, continue + To inf /Vo – ing

2. Forget, remember, regret: +to inf ® chỉ tương lai

+Vo – ing ® chỉ quá khứ

3. Stop to infinitive ® ngừng việc đang làm để làm việc khác.

Vo – ing : ® ngừng việc đang làm

4. Try to infinitive : cố gắng

Vo – ing : thử

5. Need, want, require

To inf : mang nghĩa chủ động

Vo+ ing : mang nghĩa bị động (need: tobe + V (PP)

6. Would you mind + Vo- ing?

Would you mind if + S + past Subjunctive …?

7. Advise, allow, permit obj + to infi

 + Vo- ing

8. Prefer: + V-ing to V-ing:thích cái gì hơn cái gì

+ to infinitive: thích cái gì đó

9. Feel like + Vo ing: thích cái gì đó

Gerund , infinitive, participle

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund , infinitive, participle).

1. 
   I caught him (climb) _____ over my wall. I asked him (explain) _____ but he refused (say) _____ anything, so in the end I had (let) _____ him (go) _____.
   
2. 
   When at last I succeeded in (convince) _____ him that I wanted (get) _____ home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) _____ forward.
   
3. 
   I'm not used to (drive) _____on the left.
   When you see everyone else (do)____ it you'll find it quite easy (do) _____yourself.
   
4. 
   It is pleasant (sit) _____by the fire at night and (hear) _____the wind (howl) _____outside.
   
5. 
   There was no way of (get) _____out of the building except by (climb) _____down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) _____this.
   
6. 
   We heard the engines (roar) _____as the plane began (move) _____ and we saw the people on the ground (wave) _____good-bye.
   
7. 
   It's no good (write) _____ to him; he never answers letters. The only thing (do) _____ is (go)_____ and (see) _____him.
   
8. 
   Why did you go all round the field instead of (walk) _____ across it?
   I didn't like (cross) _____it because of the bull. I never see a bull without (think) _____that it wants (chase) _____ me.
   
9. 
   The people in the flat below seem (be) _____ having a party. You can hear the champagne corks (thud)_____ against their ceiling.
   
10. 
    I don't like (get) _____bills but when I do get them I like (pay) _____them promptly.
    
11. 
    Ask him (come) _____in. Don't keep him (stand) _____at the door.
    
12. 
    The boys next door used (like) _____(make) _____ and (fly) _____ model aero planes, but they seem to have stopped (do) _____ that now.
    
13. 
    I knew I wasn't the first (arrive)_____, for I saw smoke (rise) _____from the chimney.
    
14. 
    We watched the men (saw) _____the tree and as we were walking away heard it (fall) _____with a tremendous crash.
    
15. 
    I hate (see) _____a child (cry) _____.
    
16. 
    We watched the children (jump) _____from a window and (fall) _____into a blanket held by the people below.
    
17. 
    It is very unpleasant (wake) _____ up and (hear) _____ the rain (beat) _____on the windows.
    
18. 
    He saw the lorry (begin) _____ (roll) _____ forwards but he was too far away (do) _____ anything (stop) _____it.
    
19. 
    There are people who can't help (laugh) _____when they see someone (slip) _____on a banana skin.
    
20. 
    I prefer (drive) _____ to (be driven) _____.
    

1. All the passengers were made ________ their seat belts during the turbulence.

A. buckle B. to buckle C. buckling D. for buckling.

2. ________ good ice cream, you need to use a lot of cream.

A. Make B. Making C. To make D. For make

3. I got my friend ________ her car for the weekend.

A. to let me to borrow B. to let me borrow

C. let me borrow D. let me to borrow

4. How can you let such a silly incident ________ your friendship?

A. wreck B. to wreck C wrecking D. that wrecks

5. ‘How about going to the theater?' 'OK,' but I would rather ______ a concert.'

A. attend B. to attend C. attending D. have attended

6. The skiers would rather ________ through the mountains than go by bus.

A. to travel on train B. traveled by train

C. travel by train D. traveling by the train

7. If we leave now for our trip, we can drive half the distance before we stop ___ lunch.

A. having B. to have C. having had D. for having

8. The examiner made us ___ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center.

A. show B. showing C. to show D. showed

9. As we entered the room, we saw a rat ________ towards a hole in the skirting board.

A. scamper B. to scamper C. scampering D. was scampering

10. I remember ________ to Paris when I was a very small child.

A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking

11. My parents wouldn't _______ to the party.

A. allow me go B. allow me to go C. allow me going D. allow to go

12. We are going to have my house _______ tomorrow morning.

A.paint Bpainting C. painted D. to be painted

13. We hope that the students themselves will enjoy ______ part in the projects.

A. to take B. taking C. to be taken D. being taken

14. Sally's low test scores kept her from _______ to the university.

A. admitting B. to admit C. to be admitted D. being admitted

15. Are you sure you told me about the party? I don't recall _______ about it.

A. having told B. to have told C. having been told D. to have been told

16. I meant to get up early but I forgot _______ up my alarm clock.

A. wind B. to wind C. wind D. wound

17. Look at the state of the gate. It needs ________ as soon as possible.

A. to repair B. repairing C. being repaired D. be repaired

18. Alice didn't expect ________ to Bill's party.

A. asking B. being asked C. to ask D. to be asked

19. We asked ________ the piano so early in the morning, but she won't.

A. Marie to stop playing B. Marie stop to play

C. that Marie stops playing D. Marie to stop to play

20. A good teacher makes her students ________ the world from new perspectives.

A. to view B. view C. to be viewed D. viewing

1. 
   The thief threatened (kill) ____to kill______us if we phoned the police.
   
2. 
   She offered (help) ___to help_______me to clean the house.
   
3. 
   They attempted (win) ___to win_______the prize.
   
4. 
   There was a lot of traffic but we managed (go) ___to go_______to the airport in time
   
5. 
   He wanted (see) _________to see____________the house where the president was born.
   
6. 
   I would like him (go) __to go_________ to a university but I can’t (make) ___make_____ him go.
   
7. 
   He is learning (play) ___to play_______piano.
   
8. 
   She asked me (give) ____to give______her my book.
   
9. 
   She lets her children (sleep) _____sleep________________on the floor.
   
10. 
    You had better (go) ________go_____________to bed early.
    

1. My mother was afraid to let the boy _____ the tree.

A. to risk climbing B. to risk to climb C. risk climbing D. risk to climb

1. 
   You had better _____ at home until you feel better.
   

2. 
   Peter usually helps his mother ______.
   

3. 
   She used that money _____ a new car.
   

4. 
   Can you manage_____ ______ the report in the morning?
   

5. 
   Rex hotel was the best place for us _____.
   

6. 
   You can’t stop me from _____ what I want.
   

7. 
   I must go now. I promise _______ late.
   

8. 
   Do you want ______ with you or do you want to go alone?
   

9. 
   Suddenly he stopped the car in order ______.
   

.11. I hate _______ personal questions by newly-acquainted friends.

A. to be asking B. to be asked C. being asking D. of asking

12. Japanese _______ at the meeting.

1. 
   You had better learning a foreign language before applying for a job.
   

2. 
   Gets the bad news from her parents, Lan immediately burst into tears.
   

3. 
   It is very difficult for us to preventing forest fires during the drought.
   

4. 
   I noticed the boy to creep into the house through a hole at the foot of the wall.
   

5. 
   Faraday’s father was not rich enough to sending him to school.
   

6. 
   Would you please tell me how doing this?
   

7. 
   My parents never let me going out in the evening.
   

1. 
   It was late, so we decided ______ a taxi home.
   

2. 
   Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed _______ him some money.
   

3. 
   How old were you when you learnt ______ ?
   

4. 
   I waved to Karen but I failed ______ her attention.
   

5. 
   She always encouraged her son _____ .
   

6. 
   They seem _____ plenty of money.
   

7. 
   I like Simon, but I think he tends _______ too much.
   

8. 
   I don’t know whether ______ for the job or not.
   

1. 
   I saw him __________off.
   

2. 
   You’d better ____________ an umbrella.
   

3. 
   Would you mind if I _____________ the window?
   

4. 
   Wouldn’t you rather _____________?
   

5. 
   He made me __________it all over again.
   

6. 
   I had the boy ___________ a letter yesterday.
   

7. 
   You must _____________ a lot of people.
   

8. 
   My father doesn’t let me _____________ out at night.
   

9. 
   We heard him __________________ downstairs.
   

10. 
    Let’s ____________ an English song.
    

11. 
    We watched him ______________ the car.
    

12. 
    Why don’t you ____________ for a job?
    

13. 
    I am planning __________ Da Lat next week.
    

14. 
    I must go now. I promised _____________ late
    

15. 
    Suddenly he stopped the car in order __________.
    

16. 
    It was late, so we decided ____________ a taxi home.
    

17. 
    How old were you when you learnt _______________?
    

18. 
    She always encourages her son ____________ harder.
    

19. 
    Don’t forget __________ the letter I gave you.
    

20. 
    I got my father ________________ my bike.
    

21. 
    The fire isn’t hot enough _________________ a kettle.
    

22. 
    It is too cold for us ______________________.
    

23. 
    He went to Britain ___________English.
    

24. 
    I have some letters ________________.
    

25. 
    It takes me ten minutes _________to school every day.
    

26. 
    We expect him ______________ tomorrow.
    

27. 
    Would you like __________to my birthday party?
    

28. 
    I tried ___________the bus, but I missed it.
    

29. 
    Remember _____________Lan a present because today is her birthday.
    

30. 
    We were allowed ___________ photographs in this room.
    

31. 
    It took me a very long time recovering from the shock of her death.
    

32. 
    Remember taking off your shoes when you are in a Japanese house.
    

33. 
    My parents permitted me going out at weekends.
    

34. 
    Money is used to buying food and clothes.
    

35. 
    He often lets me to use his mobile phone.