particle (giôùi töø hay traïng töø ) sau ñoäng töø ñeå coù ñöôïc söï khaùc nhau veà yù nghóa.
Ví duï: - give away = give sth to someone/anyone ( Cho ai , taëng ai caùi gì )
= to make known sth that sb wants to keep secret ( thoå loä, tieát loä ra, toá giaùc ra )
- give up = abandon (a habit or attempt) ( töø boû một thoùi quen, một noå löïc …)
- look after = take care of ( Chaêm soùc)
- look for = search for, seek ( tìm kieám)
- look out = beware ( Haõy caån thaän, coi chöøng )
B/ Có hai loại :
Verbs + Particle + Object
Intransitive
PHRASAL VERBS
Transitive
Noun
Pronoun
Verbs + Particle + Object
( inseparable Phr. Verbs)
Verbs + + particle + Noun
(on , off, up, down, in, out, away)
a/ intransitive phrasal verbs ( khoâng coù object)
EX: The plane will take off at 15:00.
b/ Transitive phrasal verbs ( coù object – danh từ hoặc đại từ )
+ Inseparable transitive phrasal verbs ( Pharsal verbs không thể tách ra – Object luôn ở sau particle)
Ex: We are looking for my key. ( Wrong: We are looking my key for )
+ Separable transitive phrasal verbs ( Pharsal verbs có thể tách ra )
Phrasal verbs thường có thể tách được khi particles là: on , off, up, down, in, out, away
Nếu Object là danh từ, nó có thể đặt ở sau hay giữa phrasal verbs)
Ex: Remember to turn off the lights when going out.
Remember to turn the lights off when going out.
Nếu Object là một đại từ (me, us, it, them, you him, her …) thi nó luôn được đặt ở giữa phrsal verb )
Ex: Please turn it off. ( Wrong : Please turn off it )
Phrasal verbs
take after (sb) : look like; resemble : giống
take sth/sb on: (of a bus, plane or ship) to allow sb/sth to enter: cho ai leân xe, taøu …
take up: learn or start doing sth: baét ñaàu laøm ñieàu gì …
take off: a/ to remove sth, especially a piece of clothing from your/sb's body: côûi boû ( muû , quaàn aùo) ≠ put on
b/ to leave the ground and begin to fly : ( maùy bay) caát caùnh
take sth off sth: to remove an amount of money or a number of marks, points, etc. in order to reduce the total: ruùt bôùt (tieàn, ñiểm ) cho ít ñi
take (sth) in : thu naïp, hieåu, nhôù ñöôïc ñieàu gì
Take part in: participate in: to be involved in: tham gia
Take sth out: vay tieàn cuûa ngaân haøng
take sth away: gôõ boû, laøm maát buoàn phieàn ñau ñôùn
take over: ñaûm nhaän vò trí ( cuûa ai), ñaûm traùch coâng vieäc
take place: dieãn ra, xaûy ra theo keáâ hoaïch.
12. put up with : tolerate: chòu ñöïng
Ex: I'm not going to put up with their smoking any longer.
bring (sb) up ( often in passive): to care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave, etc: chaêm soùc , daïy doã
Ex: * She brought up five children.
* He was brought up by his aunt.
take sth down: to write sth down: a/ ghi cheùp;
Ex: * Reporters took down every word of his speech
b/ to remove a structure: thaùo dôõ -
Ex: * The students are taking the tent down before leaving.
wake sb up : laøm ai tænh taùo / ñaùnh thöùc ai
Ex: A cold shower will soon wake you up.
Take advantage of : taän duïng , lôïi duïng .
Ex: * We took full advantage of the hotel facilities. * She took advantage of the children's absence to tidy their rooms.
give up : [nopassive] to stop doing or having sth: töø boû Ex: She didn't give up work when she had the baby.
go on: tieáp tuïc
go up ≠ go down: leân giaù ≠ xuoáng giaù
20. go after sb: to chase or follow sb: chaïy theo; ñuoåi theo
go off : + noå ; vang leân Ex: The bomb went off in a crowded street. + ñi laøm ñieàu gì Ex: He went off to get a drink. + thöïc phaåm, nöôùc uoàng hö hoûng; chaát löôïng xaáu ñi Ex: You shouldn’t drink it. It goes off.
go out : taét ( ñeøn löûa)
go away: ñi xa ( qua 01 ñeâm trôû leân )
go over : oân laïi baøi; xem laïi, kieåm tra laïi
look after sb / sth: chaêm soùc
look up : tra tìm töø , vaán ñeà gì trong töï ñieàn, trong saùch .
look up to sb: to admire or respect sb : ngöôõng moä ai
look up at sth: ngöôùc nhìn leân caùi gì ( V+ pre.)
put on: maëc quaàn aùo, ñeo, mang
put sth out : Boû … ra ngoaøi - Ex: I put the rubbish out.
put off= delay: hoaõn laïi
Ex: He keeps putting off going to the dentist.
turn ( sth ) on : môû ñeøn , …..
turn (sth) off : taét ……
turn up: xuaát hieän , ñeán
Ex: Do you think many people will turn up?
turn down: refuse: từ chối, bác bỏ không xrm xét đơn …
: vặn nhỏ âm thanh, thiết bị ….
Ex: Why did she turn down your invitation?
Please turn the volume down.
try sb / sth out : thöû nghieäm, duøng thöû xem coù toát hay khoâng. Ex: They're trying out a new presenter for the show.
try sth on : maëc thöû, mang thöû xem coù vöøa khoâng
Ex: Try the shoes on before you buy them.
hold sth / sb up : ( often passive): laøm hoaõn , caûn trôû söï tieán trieån , di chuyeån …
Ex: *An accident is holding up traffic.
get over sth: overcome: vöôït qua, thaéng ñöôïc
Ex: She can’t get over her shyness.
catch up with : baét kip, ñuoåi theo kip
keep up with: theo kip ai, naém baét kip thoâng tin; vaãn tieáp tuïc lieân laïc vôùi ai
keep sth up: tieáp tuïc duy trì möùc ñoä
Ex: The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.
cool sb off / down: laøm cho ai bình tónh laïi
speak up : noùi to leân
Bring sth out: make sth noticable
Ex: A crisis can bring out the best and the worst in people.
bring sth back: to remind : gôïi nhôù
Bring sb in sth / bring in sth : to make or earn a particular amount of money: kieám tieàn, thu nhaäp
Ex:* His freelance work brings him in about $20000 a year.
bring sth about: to make sth happen= cause: gaây ra
Ex: What brought about the change in his attitude?
bring sth off : to succeed in doing sth difficult: Ñaït ñöôïc thaønh coâng ( qua khoù khaên)
Ex: * It was a difficult task but we brought it off.
The goalie brought off a superb save
wash up / wash sth up: to wash plates, glasses, … after a meal: röûa cheùn
calm (sb / sth) down : bình tónh – laøm ai bình tónh
stay on : tieáp tuïc laøm … = keep on; carry on
fall behind sb/sth : khoâng theo kòp möùc ñoä vôùi ai, rôùt laïi phía sau … Ex: She soon fell behind the leaders.
give in (to sb / sth) : ñaàu haøng , chòu thua …
Ex: The rebels (quaân noåi loaïn) were forced to give in.
wait up : haõy chaäm laïi, chôø …
Ex: Wait up – you're walking too fast for me.
wait up for sb: thöùc khuya chôø ai.
Ex: I'll be back very late so don't wait up for me.
grow up : tröôûng thaønh
watch out ( for sth / sb): coi chöøng !
Ex: Watch out! There's a car coming!
fill sth in (out): ñieàn ñôn
break down : maùy moùc hö; thaát baïi
Ex: The telephone system has broken down.
* The car broke down on the freeway.
*Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.
set off ( for) : to begin a journey: khởi hành chuyến đi
Ex: We set off for London just after ten.
drop out (of sth) : boû cuoäc: He drooped out of the English class . * She started an engineering degree but dropped out after only a year.
show sth / sb off: khoe khoang
Ex: She wanted to show off her new dress at the party.
cross sth out : gaïch boû chöõ sai
close sth down : ngöøng hoaït ñoäng ( kinh doanh)
Ex: All the firms around here were closed down in the 1980s.
move in / into sth: baét ñaàu chuyeån vaøo (nhaø môùi) ñeå ôû
doze off : go to sleep: ñi nguû -
Ex: She dozed off in front of the fire.
see sb off: tieãn ai ñi xa
give sth away to sb : taëng caùi gì cho ai
give sth/sb away: tieát loä bí maät ; tieát loä taâm tö cuûa ai
Ex: She gave away state secrets to the enemy
Her eyes when she said gave her away.
give sb back sth / give sth back to sb : traû gì cho ai
hand sth in ( to sb): giao noäp
Ex: Please give your work in before Monday.
turn round/ around : quay laïi
Ex: Turn around and let me look at your back.
make oneself / sb up: trang ñieåm
Ex: She always makes up when going to the office.
make sth up: taïo neân,nghó ra ñieàu gì;bòa ra caâu chuyeän
Ex: *They made up a little poem and wrote it in the card.
*Women make up 40 per cent of the workforce.
* She always makes up a story for her lateness.
make sth out : + to write out or complete a form or document: vieát ra hoaëc ñieàn vaøo ….
Ex: * He made out a cheque for pound100.
+ make sth out:to understand sth; to see the reasons for sth:
Hieåu ñöôïc Ex: I can't make out what she wants
show sb round: höôùng daãn ai thaêm quan
Ex: Has anyone shown you round yet?
78. try sth on: thöû - Try the shoes on before you buy them.
………………………………………………………………***………………………………………
PREPOSITIONS ( GIỚI TỪ )
1. Prepositions of place:
in: trong
|
inside: beân trong
|
on: treân (beà maët)
|
above/over: beân treân
|
under: döôùi
|
below: beân döôùi
|
up: leân
|
down: xuoáng
|
through: xuyeân qua
|
across: baêng qua
|
from: töø
|
to :ñeán ,tôùi
|
into: vaøo trong
|
out of: ra khoûi
|
off: ra khoûi
|
onto: leân treân
|
towards: veà höôùng
|
next to: saùt caïnh
|
by/beside: beân caïnh
|
close to: saùt beân
|
near: gaàn
|
in front of: ñaèng tröôùc
|
behind: ñaèng sau
|
at: taïi
|
between: giöõa (2 ngöôøi,vaät)
|
among: giöõa (nhieàu)
|
along: doïc theo
|
opposite: ñoái dieän
|
beyond: ôû phía beân kia
|
against: töïa vaøo,choáng laïi
|
up to: tôùi
|
|
|
2. Prepositions of time:
at: luùc,vaøo
|
on: vaøo
|
in: trong
|
with: trong voøng thôøi gian
|
during: trong suoát thôøi gian
|
for: trong khoaûng
|
since: keå töø
|
unti:l cho tôùi khi
|
before: tröôùc khi
|
after: sau khi
|
|
|
3. Adjective + for
eager: haêm hôû
|
famous: noåi tieáng
|
ready: saün saøng
|
sorry: laáy laøm tieác
|
enough: ñuû
|
grateful: bieát ôn
|
responsible: coù traùch nhieäm
|
thankful: nhôø vaøo
|
available: coù saün
|
difficult: khoù
|
late: treã
|
perfect: hoaøn haûo
|
useful: coù ích
|
|
|
4. Adjective + with
pleased: haøi loøng
|
angry: giaän
|
familiar: am töôøng
|
patient: kieân nhaãn
|
delighted: haân hoan
|
busy: baän roän
|
popular: ñöôïc öa chuoäng
|
careful: caån thaän
|
acquainted: quen vôùi
|
crowded: ñoâng ñuùc
|
friendly: thaân thieän
|
filled: ñaày
|
5. Adjective + of
afraid: sôï
|
capable: coù khaû naêng
|
certain: chaéc chaén
|
shy: e leä
|
aware: bieát,yù thöùc
|
careful: caån thaän
|
kind: töû teá
|
sure: chaéc chaén
|
ahead: phía tröôùc
|
confident: töï tin
|
full: ñaày
|
fond: thích
|
tired: chaùn
|
|
|
6. Adjective + to
close: saùt caïnh
|
equal: baèng vôùi
|
married: keát hoân
|
rude: loã maõng
|
useful: höõu ích
|
engaged: ñính hoân
|
faithful: chaân thaønh
|
polite: leã ñoä
|
similar: töông töï
|
kind: töû teá
|
acceptable: deã chaáp nhaän
|
accustomed: quen thuoäc
|
agreeable: phuø hôïp
|
contrary: traùi ngöôïc
|
easy: deã
|
harmful: coù haïi
|
important: quan troïng
|
likely: coù theå
|
lucky: may maén
|
open: môû ra cho
|
pleasant: thuù vò
|
similar: töông töï
|
|
|
7. Adjective + at
quick - slow: nhanh - chaäm
clever: khoân ngoan
bad - good: xaáu,dôû - gioûi,toát
7. Adjective + at
efficient: coù naêng löïc
|
present: coù maët
|
skillful: coù khieáu
|
delighted: thích
|
amused: thích
|
amazed: ngaïc nhieân
|
8/ Adjective + from
away: caùch,xa
|
far: xa
|
different: khaùc vôùi
|
safe: an toaøn
|
absent: vaéng maët
|
|
9/ Adjective + in
interested: quan taâm,thích
|
fortunate: may maén
|
honest: chaân thaønh
|
rich: giaøu coù
|
successful: thaønh coâng
|
invaluable: voâ giaù
|
10. Adjective + on
dependent: phuï thuoäc
keen :ham meâ
intent: chaêm chuù
11. Adjective + about
curious: toø moø
|
excited: höùng thuù
|
upset: buoàn böïc
|
doubtful: nghi ngôø
|
worried: lo laéng
|
angry: giaän
|
confused: boái roái
|
sad: buoàn
|
serious :nghieâm tuùc
|
militant: quyeát liệt
|
|
|
………………………………………………………………***………………………………………
IRREGULAR VERBS ( Động từ bất qui tắc )
abide
|
abode/abided
|
abode / abided
|
lưu trú, lưu lại
|
arise
|
arose
|
arisen
|
phát sinh
|
awake
|
awoke
|
awoken
|
đánh thức, thức
|
be
|
was/were
|
been
|
thì, là, bị. ở
|
bear
|
bore
|
born
|
mang, chịu dựng
|
become
|
became
|
become
|
trở nên
|
begin
|
began
|
begun
|
bắt đầu
|
bend
|
bent
|
bent
|
bẻ cong
|
bind
|
bound
|
bound
|
buộc, trói
|
bleed
|
bled
|
bled
|
chảy máu
|
blow
|
blew
|
blown
|
thổi
|
break
|
broke
|
broken
|
đập vỡ
|
breed
|
bred
|
bred
|
nuôi, dạy dỗ
|
bring
|
brought
|
brought
|
mang đến
|
broadcast
|
broadcast
|
broadcast
|
phát thanh
|
build
|
built
|
built
|
xây dựng
|
burn
|
burnt/burned
|
burnt/burned
|
đốt, cháy
|
buy
|
bought
|
bought
|
mua
|
catch
|
caught
|
caught
|
bắt, chụp
|
choose
|
chose
|
chosen
|
chọn, lựa
|
come
|
came
|
come
|
đến, đi đến
|
cost
|
cost
|
cost
|
có giá là
|
cut
|
cut
|
cut
|
cắt, chặt
|
deal
|
dealt
|
dealt
|
giao thiệp
|
dig
|
dug
|
dug
|
dào
|
dive
|
dove/ dived
|
dived
|
lặn; lao xuống
|
drew
|
drew
|
drawn
|
vẽ; kéo
|
dream
|
dreamt/ dreamed
|
dreamt/ dreamed
|
mơ thấy
|
drink
|
drank
|
drunk
|
uống
|
drive
|
drove
|
driven
|
lái xe
|
dwell
|
dwelt
|
dwelt
|
trú ngụ, ở
|
eat
|
ate
|
eaten
|
ăn
|
fall
|
fell
|
fallen
|
ngã; rơi
|
feed
|
fed
|
fed
|
cho ăn; ăn; nuôi;
|
feel
|
felt
|
felt
|
cảm thấy
|
fight
|
fought
|
fought
|
chiến đấu
|
find
|
found
|
found
|
tìm thấy; thấy
|
fly
|
flew
|
flown
|
bay
|
forbid
|
forbade/ forbad
|
forbidden
|
cấm đoán; cấm
|
forecast
|
forecast/ forecasted
|
forecast/ forecasted
|
tiên đoán
|
foresee
|
foresaw
|
forseen
|
thấy trước
|
foretell
|
foretold
|
foretold
|
đoán trước
|
forget
|
forgot
|
forgotten
|
quên
|
forgive
|
forgave
|
forgiven
|
tha thứ
|
freeze
|
froze
|
frozen
|
(làm) đông lại
|
get
|
got
|
got/ gotten
|
có được
|
give
|
gave
|
given
|
cho
|
go
|
went
|
gone
|
đi
|
grow
|
grew
|
grown
|
mọc; trồng
|
hang
|
hung
|
hung
|
móc lên; treo lên
|
hear
|
heard
|
heard
|
nghe
|
hide
|
hid
|
hidden
|
giấu; trốn; nấp
|
hit
|
hit
|
hit
|
đụng
|
hurt
|
hurt
|
hurt
|
làm đau
|
input
|
input
|
input
|
đưa vào (máy điện toán)
|
keep
|
kept
|
kept
|
giữ
|
knit
|
knit/ knitted
|
knit/ knitted
|
đan
|
know
|
knew
|
known
|
biết; quen biết
|
lay
|
laid
|
laid
|
đặt; để
|
lead
|
led
|
led
|
dẫn dắt; lãnh đạo
|
leap
|
leapt
|
leapt
|
nhảy; nhảy qua
|
learn
|
learnt/ learned
|
learnt/ learned
|
học; được biết
|
leave
|
left
|
left
|
ra đi; để lại
|
lend
|
lent
|
lent
|
cho mượn (vay)
|
let
|
let
|
let
|
cho phép; để cho
|
lie
|
lay
|
lain
|
nằm
|
light
|
lit/ lighted
|
lit/ lighted
|
thắp sáng
|
lose
|
lost
|
lost
|
làm mất; mất
|
make
|
made
|
made
|
chế tạo; sản xuất
|
mean
|
meant
|
meant
|
có nghĩa là
|
meet
|
met
|
met
|
gặp mặt
|
mislay
|
mislaid
|
mislaid
|
để lạc mất
|
misread
|
misread
|
misread
|
đọc sai
|
misspell
|
misspelt
|
misspelt
|
viết sai chính tả
|
mistake
|
mistook
|
mistaken
|
phạm lỗi, lầm lẫn
|
misunderstand
|
misunderstood
|
misunderstood
|
hiểu lầm
|
mow
|
mowed
|
mown/ mowed
|
cắt cỏ
|
overcome
|
overcame
|
overcome
|
khắc phục
|
overeat
|
overate
|
overeaten
|
ăn quá nhiều
|
overfly
|
overflew
|
overflown
|
bay qua
|
overhang
|
overhung
|
overhung
|
nhô lên trên, treo lơ lửng
|
overhear
|
overheard
|
overheard
|
nghe trộm
|
overlay
|
overlaid
|
overlaid
|
phủ lên
|
overpay
|
overpaid
|
overpaid
|
trả quá tiền
|
overrun
|
overran
|
overrun
|
tràn ngập
|
oversee
|
oversaw
|
overseen
|
trông nom
|
overshoot
|
overshot
|
overshot
|
đi quá đích
|
oversleep
|
overslept
|
overslept
|
ngủ quên
|
overtake
|
overtook
|
overtaken
|
đuổi bắt kịp
|
overthrow
|
overthrew
|
overthrown
|
lật đổ
|
pay
|
paid
|
paid
|
trả (tiền)
|
prove
|
proved
|
proven/proved
|
chứng minh(tỏ)
|
put
|
put
|
put
|
đặt; để
|
read
|
read
|
read
|
đọc
|
rebuild
|
rebuilt
|
rebuilt
|
xây dựng lại
|
repay
|
repaid
|
repaid
|
hoàn tiền lại
|
resell
|
retold
|
retold
|
bán lại
|
retake
|
retook
|
retaken
|
chiếm lại; tái chiếm
|
rewrite
|
rewrote
|
rewritten
|
viết lại
|
rid
|
rid
|
rid
|
giải thoát
|
ride
|
rode
|
ridden
|
cưỡi
|
ring
|
rang
|
rung
|
rung chuông
|
rise
|
rose
|
risen
|
đứng dậy; mọc
|
run
|
ran
|
run
|
chạy
|
saw
|
sawed
|
sawn
|
cưa
|
say
|
said
|
said
|
nói
|
see
|
saw
|
seen
|
nhìn thấy
|
seek
|
sought
|
sought
|
tìm kiếm
|
sell
|
sold
|
sold
|
bán
|
send
|
sent
|
sent
|
gửi
|
sew
|
sewed
|
sewn/sewed
|
may
|
shake
|
shook
|
shaken
|
lay; lắc
|
shine
|
shone
|
shone
|
chiếu sáng
|
shoot
|
shot
|
shot
|
bắn
|
show
|
showed
|
shown/ showed
|
cho xem
|
shrink
|
shrank
|
shrunk
|
co rút
|
shut
|
shut
|
shut
|
đóng lại
|
sing
|
sang
|
sung
|
ca hát
|
sink
|
sank
|
sunk
|
chìm; lặn
|
sit
|
sat
|
sat
|
ngồi
|
sleep
|
slept
|
slept
|
ngủ
|
slide
|
slid
|
slid
|
trượt; lướt
|
sling
|
slung
|
slung
|
ném mạnh
|
smell
|
smelt
|
smelt
|
ngửi
|
smite
|
smote
|
smitten
|
đập mạnh
|
sow
|
sowed
|
sown/ sewed
|
gieo; rải
|
speak
|
spoke
|
spoken
|
nói
|
speed
|
sped/ speeded
|
sped/ speeded
|
chạy vụt
|
spell
|
spelt/ spelled
|
spelt/ spelled
|
đánh vần
|
spend
|
spent
|
spent
|
tiêu sài
|
spill
|
spilt/ spilled
|
spilt/ spilled
|
tràn đổ ra
|
spoil
|
spoilt/ spoiled
|
spoilt/ spoiled
|
làm hỏng
|
spread
|
spread
|
spread
|
lan truyền
|
spring
|
sprang
|
sprung
|
nhảy
|
stand
|
stood
|
stood
|
đứng
|
steal
|
stole
|
stolen
|
đánh cắp
|
stick
|
stuck
|
stuck
|
ghim vào; đính
|
sting
|
stung
|
stung
|
châm ; chích; đốt
|
strike
|
struck
|
struck
|
đánh đập
|
string
|
strung
|
strung
|
gắn dây vào
|
strive
|
strove
|
striven
|
cố sức
|
swear
|
swore
|
sworn
|
tuyên thệ
|
sweep
|
swept
|
swept
|
quét
|
swell
|
swelled
|
swollen/ swelled
|
phồng ; sưng
|
swim
|
swam
|
swum
|
bơi; lội
|
swing
|
swung
|
swung
|
đong đưa
|
take
|
took
|
taken
|
cầm ; lấy
|
teach
|
taught
|
taught
|
dạy ; giảng dạy
|
tear
|
tore
|
torn
|
xé; rách
|
tell
|
told
|
told
|
kể ; bảo
|
think
|
thought
|
thought
|
suy nghĩ
|
throw
|
threw
|
thrown
|
ném ; liệng
|
thrust
|
thrust
|
thrust
|
thọc ;nhấn
|
tread
|
trod
|
trodden/ trod
|
giẫm ; đạp
|
undergo
|
underwent
|
undergone
|
kinh qua
|
underlie
|
underlay
|
underlain
|
nằm dưới
|
underpay
|
undercut
|
undercut
|
trả lương thấp
|
undersell
|
undersold
|
undersold
|
bán rẻ hơn
|
understand
|
understood
|
understood
|
hiểu
|
undertake
|
undertook
|
undertaken
|
đảm nhận
|
undo
|
undid
|
undone
|
tháo ra
|
uphold
|
upheld
|
upheld
|
ủng hộ
|
upset
|
upset
|
upset
|
đánh đổ; lật đổ
|
wake
|
woke/ waked
|
woken/ waked
|
thức giấc
|
waylay
|
waylaid
|
waylaid
|
mai phục
|
wear
|
wore
|
worn
|
mặc
|
weep
|
wept
|
wept
|
khóc
|
wet
|
wet / wetted
|
wet / wetted
|
làm ướt
|
win
|
won
|
won
|
thắng ; chiến thắng
|
wind
|
wound
|
wound
|
quấn
|
withdraw
|
withdrew
|
withdrawn
|
rút lui
|
withhold
|
withheld
|
withheld
|
từ khước
|
withstand
|
withstood
|
withstood
|
cầm cự
|
work
|
wrought / worked
|
wrought / worked
|
rèn (sắt)
|
wring
|
wrung
|
wrung
|
vặn ; siết chặt
|
write
|
wrote
|
written
|
viết
|
………………………………………………………………***………………………………………
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