A + V + _______________ + THAN + B
MORE + adj. /adv
B + V not + SO / AS + adj. /adv … AS + A
adj. / adv(phaûn nghóa) + ER B + V + ___________________________ + THAN + A
MORE + adj. /adv(phaûn nghóa)
Ex: Betty is younger than Susan.
Susan is not so young as Betty.
( Susan is older than Betty.)
-
2/
|
adj. + ER
A + be + a(an) + ___________ + n + THAN + B
MORE + adj.
B + V not + SO /AS + adv + AS + A
|
Ex: He is a more careful driver than I am.
I don’t drive so carefully as he does.
(=as him)
-
3/
|
S + has/have + never/not + V3 + such + a(an) + adj. + n (before)
adj. + est
This is the + ___________ + n + (that) + S + has/have + (ever) V3
most + adj.
|
Ex: He has never watched such an exciting match before.
This is the most exciting match he’s ever watched.
-
4/
|
adj. + er
No one / Nobody + place + be + _________ + than + A
more + adj.
adj. + est
A + be + the + __________ + place
most + adj
|
Ex: No one in the village is stronger than Tom.
Tom is the strongest in the village.
LESSON 15 : SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
( Bieán ñoåi caâu)
-
1/
|
1 khoaûng TG + ago.
S + started /began + Ving / to V1… +
(prep.+) moác TG
V3 for + khoaûng TG
S + has / have + +
been +Ving since + moác TG
|
Ex: We started studying English half an hour ago.
We’ve been studying English for half an hour.
-
2a/
|
1 khoaûng TG + ago.
The last time + S + V2 + … was +
(prep.+) moác TG
for + khoaûng TG
S + has / have not + V3 ….. +
since + moác TG
|
Ex: The last time she had a swim was five years ago.
She has not had a swim for five years.
-
2b/
|
S + last + V2 + … when S + V2
S + has / have not + V3 ….. + since + S + V2
|
Ex: I last went to the football match when I was a student.
I haven’t gone to the football match since I was a student.
-
3/
|
S + has / have not + V3 ….. + for + 01 khoaûng TG
It + is + 1 khoaûng TG + since + S + V2
|
Ex: She hasn’t had a swim for five years.
It is five years since she had a swim.
-
4/
|
S + has /have + never/not + V 3 … (+before)
This / it is the first time + (that) + S + has /have + ever + V 3 …
|
Ex: I’ve never visited Paris before.
This is the first time (that) I’ve (ever) visited Paris.
-
5/
|
S + V2 … and then (S) + V2
After + S + had + V3 … , S + V2 …
|
Ex: I had breakfast and then went to school.
After I had had breakfast, I went to school.
6/ The formal subject “IT”:
-
Ving / To V1 … + be + adj. /n (+for O)
IT + be + adj. / n (+for O) + To V1…
|
Ex: Knowing English is useful.
It is useful to know English.
7/ The formal object “IT”:
-
Ving / To V1 … + be + adj. /n
S + V* + IT + adj. / n + to V1…
|
V* : find, make, think. consider, believe, feel,…
Ex: Living in the city is exciting.
Some people find it exciting to live in the city.
-
8/
|
be accustomed to = be used to
+ V ing
become accustomed to = get used to
|
Ex: We often go to school by bus.
We are used to going to school by bus.
-
Ex: My grandfather often played tennis when he was young.
My grandfather used to play tennis when he was young.
-
10/
|
S + spend(s) / spent + time + V ing
It + takes / took (+ O) + time + To V1
|
Ex: We spent five hours getting to London.
It took us five hours to get to London.
-
11/
|
can
S + ____ not + V1 … because of + n
could
prevent(s) / stop(s)
S + _________________ + O + from + Ving
prevented / stopped
|
Ex: We can’t drive because of fog.
The fog prevents us from driving.
12/ Inversion: Ñaûo ngöõ
-
Adv*: No longer, Never, Rarely, Seldom, Only, No sooner, Hardly ….
Ex: She no longer gets up early.
No longer does she get up early.
-
13/
|
Who + do /does + S + belong to?
Who own(s) …….?
Whose + V + S … ?
Whose + n + V + S …. ?
|
Ex: Who does this bicycle belong to?
Who owns this bicycle?
Whose is this bicycle?
Whose bicycle is this?
14/ Causative Form:
-
O (Ngöôøi) +V1 ( Chuû ñoäng)
S + have / get +
O (vaät) + V3 (bò ñoäng)
nhôø ai ñoù laøm vieäc gì
|
Ex : a) Tom is going to repair my T.V tomorrow.
I am going to have Tom repair my T.V tomorrow.
I am going to have my T.V repaired by Tom tomorrow.
b) He’s getting someone to mend the window.
He’s having the window mended.
-
15/
|
Because + S + V
Because of + n / Ving
|
Example:
a) Because she walked in the sun, she was sick.
Because of walking in the sun, she was sick.
b) Because the weather was bad,the train was delayed for twenty minutes.
Because of the bad weather, the train was delayed for twenty minutes.
-
b ) Because the + n + be + adj
Because of the + adj + n
|
c) Because he is ill, he can’t go there.
Because of his illness, he can’t go there.
-
c ) Because S + be + adj
Because of poss. adj + n
|
d) Because she behaves well, everybody loves her.
Because of her good behavior, everybody loves her.
-
d ) Because S + V*ord. + adv
Because of Poss. Adj + adj + n
|
V* : develop, invent, liberate, discover, behave, rain…
(n) : development, invention, liberation, discovery, behavior, rain, …..
e) Because there was the August Revolution, Vietnam was freed from colonialism and feudalism.
Because of the August Revolution, Vietnam was freed from colonialism and feudalism.
-
e) Because + there + be + n…
Because of + n…
|
-
16/
|
Although / Though + S + V
In spite of / Despite + n /Ving ….
|
Ex: Although he is rich, he is extremely mean.
In spite of his richness, he is extremely mean.
17. Styles:
-
Using N
|
Using V
|
There + be a determination
There + be a tendency
show a desire
give thought to
have knowledge of
|
S + be determined
S + tend
desire
think about/of
know about
|
Ex: There is a determination to overcome problems.
Children are determined to overcome problems.
(Söï Hoøa Hôïp Giöõa Chuû Töø Vaø Ñoäng Töø)
*Special Cases:
-
1/
|
prep
n / pron + __________ + n / pron + V
as well as
|
Ex: The teacher with his students is in the classroom.
-
2/
|
N / Pron + or / nor + N / Pron + V
|
Ex: Either he or you are the translator.
-
3/
|
Each
______ (of) + n / pron + V sing
Every
|
Ex: Each of us has books and pens.
-
4/
|
Everybody Somebody Anybody
= Everyone = Anyone = no one + Vsing
Everything Something Anything
Ex: Everyone knows him.
|
5. None of + N/pron + V Ex : None of the students have good mark.
None of the student has good mark.
6. A number of + N + Vplural Ex : A number of students are absent from class today.
The number of + N + Vsingular This year, the number of accidents has risen.
7. S(thôøi gian, tieàn, khoaûng caùch, troïng löôïng) + Vsingular Ex : Twenty dollars is too much for that shirt.
8. S(Ving/To V) + Vsingular Ex : Smoking is bad for health.
To live is to struggle ( Soáng laø tranh ñaáu )
9. There + Be + N Ex : There is some sugar in the jar.
There are some books on the self.
10. Phaàn traêm/phaân soá + of + Nkhoâng ñeám ñöôïc + Vsingular
Ex : Sixty percent of waste paper is recycled.
Phaàn traêm/phaân soá + of + Nplural + Vplural
Ex : Half of the students in this school come from the country.
LESSON 17 : EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
(Nhöõng Cuïm Töø Chæ Soá Löôïng)
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