We have completed an investigation on the Vietnamese-English translation of exhibit labels in the Vietnam Musem of Ethnography. In this section, we would like to end by briefly summarising what we have done, the strategies and procedures used to in the translation. We will also give suggestions for further research.
We started with an overview of the strategies and procedures to deal with non-equivalence at word level. Then we analysed the translation of exhibit labels in VME with regard to the strategies and procedures. To achieve the purpose of the study, we have collected all the exibit labels in the Museum of Ethnography.
It can be seen in the study that the translators have used a lot of strategies and procedures in translating the exhibit labels in the Vietnamese Museum of Ethnography to overcome the problem of non-equivalence at word level.
The study has also showed that though there are a lot of potential problems facing the translators such as non-equivalence, limited knowledge of ethnography, differences between the two cultures. Nevertheless, they have come over those problems by using various strategies and techniques of translation.
However, we have found some problems in the translation of the exhibit labels due to the limited knowledge of the field. We have also given out some suggested translations for the labels.
Further study on this topic is needed to shed light on many issues which remain unsearched in this thesis. Further study should focus on the structural patterns of exhibit labels, different types of exhibit labels so as to make the study more thorough.
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Baker, M. (1994) In Other Words, a Course Book on Translation. Routledge.
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Bell, R. (1991) Translation and Translating Theory and Practice. London / New York. Longman
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Hervery, S. & Higgins, I. (1992) Thinking Translation, A Course Book on Translation. Routledge.
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Koller, W. (1979). Equivalence in Translation Theory, in Chesterman, A . (1989). Readings in Translation Theory, Loimaan Kirjapaino.
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Nida, E. A & Taber, C.R (1969) The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
APPENDIX EXHIBIT LABELS
Trống đại = big drum
Ông Địa = Ong Dia, water puppet
Hộp đựng trầu khảm xà cừ = shell-inlaid betel-nut box
Kèn dùng trong nhạc lễ = Shawm played during ritual festivals
Dụng cụ đo tiền = money counter
Thước đo lơn = ruler to measure pigs
Sắc phong niên hiệu Cảnh Hưng 1768 = Royal decree of King Le Hien Tong (1768)
Xe chở đó = bicycle carrying fishtraps
Chú Tễu = announcer
Tiên nước = fairy
Chăn vịt = duck keeper
Cá chép = carp
Úp nơm = fisherman
Cày ruộng = harrower
Đàn gáo = two-stringed fiddle
Đàn nguyệt = two-stringed lute
Đàn bầu = monochord
Kèn bóp = shawm
Phách = clappet
Sáo ngang = flute
Trống chầu = drum to accompany singing
Trống chiến = drum for martial music
Y phục nữ cổ truyền = traditional woman’s garment
Điếu ống = water-pipe
Bộ đồ ăn trầu = betel nut kit
Đèn kéo quân = lantern
Mặt nạ con giống = animal masks
Đầu lân = lion’s head
Con quay = tops
Đèn xếp = lantern
Ông tiến sỹ giấy trên ngai = paper doctor on throne
Phỗng - đồ chơi bằng giấy = paper toys
Đồ thờ trong cúng Mụ = objects to protect children
Con dấu và ván in tranh cúng Mụ = paint stamps and seals
Tủ sách của thầy Đồ = portable cabinet for candidates taking the Mandarin examinations
Tượng thờ tổ nghề hát bội = ritual dolls for hat boi singers
Bàn thờ gia tiên = altar to ancestors
Kìm gắp than = tongs
Xẻng xúc than = shovel
Vá hớt bọt = strainer
Muôi múc đồng = ladle
Nồi nấu đồng, cốt gang = metal-lined pot
Nồi nấu đồng bằng bùn ao = earthernware pot
Cốt tạo khuôn = smoother
Khuôn đúc chuông = bell-shaped mould
Bể gỗ = wooden bellow
Bao gốm = receptacles for fired pottery
Gốm khuôn = stages of a moulded bowl
Khuôn thạch cao và kềm lấy gốm mộc = mould and remover
Gốm bàn xoay có men = wheel technique, glazed
Cắt via bằng tre = bamboo spatula
Vỏ ngao miết tôm = shell for polishing
Giát bưng gốm mộc = tray to hold unfired pottery
Bàn xoay bằng gỗ = wooden potter’s wheel
Kéo cắt đất = clay cutter
Rây bột men đất = strainer
Dụng cụ chạm gỗ = tools for wood carving
Bức chạm thuyền rồng = the royal boat
Bức chạm song tý = two mice
Mài cốt sơn = polisher
Dụng cụ sơn = tool for lacquer
Thùng đựng sơn = basket for lacquer
Bàn vắt sơn = tool for filtering lacquer
Mỏ vầy đánh sơn = tool for stirring lacquer
Các bước in tranh = printing stages
Ván khắc in màu = printing blocks for colors
Bộ dụng cụ quét màu lên ván khắc = paint bowls and brushes
Ván khắc in nét đen = outline printing block
Tranh ‘em bé và cá chép’ = the child and the carp
Mâm cơm và đũa cả = serving dish and chopsticks
Dao của nam giới = knife
Lịch tre = bamboo lunar calendar
Hái = sickle
Mủng đựng trầu = betel nut box
Giáo đâm thú = hunting spear
Chõ bằng vỏ cây = bark-steamer
Nồi bằng vỏ cây = bark-casserole
Giỏ cá = fish basket
Bộ đánh lửa = fire-starter set
Vỏ dao = knife sheath
Nỏ = cross-bow
Túi đựng chai = bottle holder
Chài đánh cá = fishing net
Dụng cụ đan chài = net-making tool
Võng ma chôn theo người chết = hammock to be buried with the dead
Bẫy nhím = porcupine trap
Mũ chầu thầy cúng = ritual specialist’s hat
Gươm thầy mo = ritual specialist’s sword
Bộ đồ khót thầy mo = sacred objects of a ritual specialist
Giỏ đựng trang phục = household basket for valuable objects
Bẫy chim mồi = trap for doves
Kèn = shawm
Nhị = two-stringed fiddle
Sọt = basket
Mâm = tray
Bộ đồ cất rượu = still for rice wine
Hũ đựng mẻ = spice jar
Que kẹp củi = bamboo tongs for charcoal
Ninh và chõ = steamer
Hòn đá cái = hearth stone
Mủng đựng cơm có nắp = basket for cooked rice
Bộ chày cối giã gia vị = mortar and pestle for grinding red pepper
Bộ chiêng = gong set
Phụ nữ dệt vải = weaver
Khung dệt = loom
Giỏ đựng dụng cụ dệt = weaving basket
Cán bông = cotton deseeder
Xa quay sợi = spinning wheel
Mặt chăn thổ cẩm = brocade for skirt waistbands
Súng kíp = rifle
Cồng săn = hunting gong
Cột nhà người Ede = Ede House column
Lễ lẩu then của người Tày = the ‘lau then’ ceremony of the Tay
Tung còn của người Tày = Tay ritual ball game
Sách chữ Nôm = manuscript
Triện của thầy cúng = ritual specialist’s seal
Lệnh bài của thầy cúng = insignia
Sách viết trên lá cọ = palm-leaf manuscript
Sách chữ cổ = black Thai manuscript
Mõ = bamboo bell
Nhíp cắt lúa = small rice harvesting knife
Ống đong thóc gạo = bamboo measures
Vợt vớt bánh = cake scoop
Gáo = ladle
Dụng cụ đeo dao hình cá = fish-shape knife sheath
Khuôn bánh khảo = cake mould
Lò sưởi = foot warmer
Giỏ lá cọ = palm leaf carrier
Màn gió = brocade screen
Đòn gánh tặng bạn gái = shoulder pole given to a lover
Túi bằng mo cau = palm-leaf carrier
Đàn = lute
Mẹt = rice-winnowing basket
Hộp đựng xôi = sticky rice basket
Khăn thầy cúng = ritual specialist’s headdress
Thổ cẩm = brocade for garments
Gáo = water scoop
Chổi quét chảo = scrubber for pans
Nhíp cắt lúa hình chim = bird-shape rice harvesting knife
Giỏ đựng hạt giống = basket for seeds
Gối tre = bamboo pillow
Giỏ đựng đũa thìa = basket for chopsticks and spoons
Muôi xúc thóc ngô = large ladle used for grains
Guốc gỗ = wooden shoes
Gùi qua trán có ách tì vào vai = basket with headtrap and shoulder rest
Liềm = sickle
Gáo vỏ bầu = calabash scoop
Cào cỏ = rake
Ống đựng muối = bamboo salt container
Ống xách nước = bamboo water container
Guồng thu sợi = spool
Sừng trâu uống rượu = buffalo horn for alcohol
Mặt nạ trong lễ cấp sắc = mask for shaman’s initiation ritual
Sách chữ tượng hình = pictographic script
Sách mẫu sớ = supplication for good fortune
Sách xem vạn niên = manuscript chronicle
Hòm đựng đồ vải = clothing trunk
Khăn đắp mặt người chết = face shrouds
Vai áo in sáp ong trắng = indigo and white batik
Khố = man’s belted apron
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 1
DEPARTMENT OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES 1
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2
DEPARTMENT OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES 2
PART I. INTRODUCTION 3
I. RATIONALE 3
II. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4
IV. METHODS OF THE STUDY 4
V. DESIGN OF THE STUDY 5
PART II – DEVELOPMENT 6
CHAPTER I – TRANSLATION THEORIES 6
I.1. Definition of translation 6
I.2. Translation equivalence 8
I.3. Non-equivalence at word level 9
I.3.1. Different kinds of non-equivalence 10
I.3.2. Strategies used by professional translators 12
I.4. Translation procedures 15
I.4.1. Borrowing 16
I.4.2. Calque 17
I.4.3. Literal translation 17
I.4.4. Transposition 18
I.4.5. Modulation 19
I.4.6. Total syntagmatic change 21
I.4.7. Adaptation 21
I.4.8. Naturalisation 22
I.4.9. Cultural equivalent 22
I.4.10. Functional equivalent 22
I.4.11. Descriptive equivalent 23
I.4.12. Reduction and expansion 23
I.4.13. Combination 23
CHAPTER II – THE TRANSLATION OF EXHIBIT LABELS IN THE VIETNAM MUSEUM OF ETHNOGRAPHY 24
I. THE CURRENT CONTEXT OF TRANSLATION OF EXHIBIT LABELS IN THE VIETNAM MUSEUM OF ETHNOGRAPHY 24
II. THE COMMON STRATEGIES USED IN THE TRANSLATION OF EXHIBIT LABELS IN VME 25
II.1. Translation using loan words 25
II.2. Translation by a more general word (superordinate) 26
II.3. Translation by cultural substitution 27
II.4. Translation by paraphrase using related words 28
II.5. Translation by omission 29
III. THE PROCEDURES USED IN THE TRANSLATION OF EXHIBIT LABELS IN VME 30
III.1. Borrowing 30
III.2. Literal translation 30
III.3. Transposition 30
III. 4. Modulation 32
III.5. Adaptation 33
III.6. Descriptive equivalent 34
IV. SOME PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF EXHIBIT LABELS IN VME 34
PART III – CONCLUSION 36
REFERENCES 37
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