Eall 310 Outline for October 12, 2006 Last Time

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  Japanese historical background: Initial language influence in 5^th and 6^th centuries (through Korea, through study in China, and through sea trade); Continued contact through tribute relationship, trade, and some acceptance of Chinese elite culture (literature, art, religion, rime dictionaries), but there was little migration of Chinese into Japan, and Japanese in many ways developed their own indigenous cultural system while adapting Chinese elements.
  
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  Power of Writing in Language Contact: artistic value, representation of religion and philosophy, symbol of knowledge, cultural status symbol, political strength (legitimacy in power)
  
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  Japanese linguistic background: Linguistic isolate, polysyllabic, non-tonal, SOV
  
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  Sino-Japanese Writing: Go-on (Pre-Tang era), Kan-on (Tang dynasty), and Too-on (Song dynasty) readings (compare with SV); Chinese writing for (1) sound and meaning, (2) sound only, and (3) meaning only; Sound-based characters (manyoogana) develop into Kana syllabaries (Hiragana and Katakana)
  

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  Art: Bronze mirrors, painting
  
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  Names: Use of Kanji (some native Japanese (kun’yomi), some Chinese (on’yomi)); Some terms of address (先生 sensei “Mr. (professional)” and –kun 君 (used respectfully by elders of younger persons))
  
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  Systems of measurement: numbers, time, calendars, measure words
  

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  Alphabet: Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ (国语) is an alphabet (featural only in tones). Korean Hangul한글is an alphabet (and featural) 추석 / 秋夕 “Mid-Autumn Festival” chuseok.
  
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  Logographic system: Chinese writing is a logographic system 中国 zhōng gúo. Each syllable represents a single meaning and a single syllable.
  
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  Syllabary: Japanese Hiragana and Katakana (collectively, Kana) are syllabaries かみ “paper” kami 紙. Each character represent one syllable of sound, not meaning.
  

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  Non-entering tone/Non-rusheng words: (1) Original Chinese final -m/-ng lost but with long-final vowel in Sino-Japanese (tookyoo “Tokyo” 东京 dong1 jing1), (2) Original Chinese final -n kept
  
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  Contour tones: All are lost in Sino-Japanese.
  
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  Entering tone/Rusheng in Sino-Japanese: (1) Sino-Japanese words with original Chinese -p/-t/-k have extra syllables
  

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  Chinese as a foreign language
  
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  Chinese characters to represent Japanese meanings regardless of Chinese sounds (鱼 “fish” sakana)
  
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  Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds regardless of Chinese meaning (e.g., manyoogana)
  
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  Kana syllabaries (sound only, no meaning, not Chinese based)
  
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  Japanese characters constructed from Chinese but not used in Chinese xx
  

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  Chinese characters as Chinese (e.g., 婆 bà ‘grandmother’)
  
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  Chinese characters to represent Vietnamese sounds, regardless of meaning (e.g., 意 ấy “that (Vietnamese)” but “meaning (Chinese)”).
  
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  Chinese characters to represent Vietnamese meaning, regardless of sound (椅OSV ghế “chair” SV ỹ)
  
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  Nôm creations (e.g., 年 nián (SV: niên) “year” +南 “south” nam = năm “year”)
  

山田 太郎

SURNAME GIVEN NAME

Kanji	Meaning	Go-on	Kan-on	Tō-on
明	bright	myō	mei	(min)
行	go	gyō	kō	(an)
極	extreme	goku	kyoku	-

Meaning	Chinese	Old SV	SV	VSV
disorder	亂	lộn	loạn	loàn
grave/tomb	墓	mả	mộ	mồ
kneel	跪	cúi	quị	quì

猫　 は 魚 を 食べる。

Cats TOPIC fish OBJECT eat

Cats eat fish.
畏まりました

かしこまりました

“All right.”

“My camera” (cf. “camera of mine”)

"four apples"

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  Native vocabulary (only 1 to 10 and with some special measure words)
  
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  Sino-Japanese vocabulary (1 to 10 for some things (e.g., time, ), 11+ for all else)
  

(1-10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 with compounds)

English	Kanji	Japanese	Cantonese
1	一	Ichi	Yāt
2	二	Ni	Yih
3	三	San	Sāām
10	十	Juu	Sahp
12	十二	Juuni	Sahpyih
20	二十	Nihjuu	Yihsahp
23	二十三	Nihjuusan	Yihsahpsāām
100	一百	Hyaku	Sāāmsahp
300	三百	Sanhyaku	Sāāmbaahk
1,000	一千	Sen	Yātchin
3,000	三千	Sansen	Sāāmchin
10,000	一万	Ichiman	Yātchin
30,000	三万	Sanman	Sāāmchin
100,000,000	一艺/億	Itioku / Ichioku	Yātyihk

English	Kanji	Japanese	Cantonese	Sino-Vietnamese
minute	分	pun	fān	phân
hour	(小) 时	ji	(síu) sìh	thì (giờ)
day	日	nichi	yaht	nhật (ngày)
week	周	Shuu/syuu	jāau	(tuần lễ)
month	月	gatsu	yuht	nguyệt (thắng)
year	年	nen	nìhn	niên (năm)

Character	Jap.	Chin.	Viet.	Use
部	bu	bù	bộ	A work of something
代	dai	dài	đại	Generations, periods, reigns
台	dai	tái	xx	Cars, machines, mechanical devices
段落	danraku	duàn	đoạn	Paragraphs
度	do	dù	độ	Occurrences, number of times, degrees Celsius (see also: kai)
分	fun	fēn	phân	Minutes
歩	ho, po	bù	bộ	Footsteps
課/课	ka	kè	xx	Chapters of a book
回	kai	húi	xx	Occurrences, number of times (see also: do)
件	ken	jiàn	kiến	Abstract matters and cases
個,箇,个, ヶ	ko	gè	cái	General measure word, used when there is no specific counter.
名	mei	míng	xx	People (polite) (名 means "name")
面	men	miàn	xx	Mirrors
歳/岁	sai	sùi	tuổi (tuế)	Years of age
種/种	shurui or shu	zhng	xx (loại)	Various types of things
点	ten	din	điểm	Points, dots
頭/头	tō	tóu	xx	Large animals, cattle, elephants (頭 means "head")
把	wa	bǎ	xx	Bundles

Issue	Japanese	Middle Chinese	Vietnamese
Word structure	Polysyllabic	Monosyllabic	Monosyllabic
Word formation	Agglutinative; compounding; complex verb structure	Isolating; compounding; simple verb structure	Isolating; compounding; simple verb structure
Syllable structure	CV (Native); CV(C) (Sino-Japanese (ichi) rusheng)	CVC	CVC
Suprasegmental features	Non-tonal, pitch accent	Tonal	Tonal
Syntax (sentence)	SOV	SVO	SVO
Syntax (case)	Post-position particles (-o for objects, -wa for topics, -ga for subjects, etc.)	None	None
Possession	Possessor+Noun	Possessor+Noun	Noun+Possessor
Counted Nouns	Noun+Number+Measure	Number+Measure+ Noun	Number+Measure+ Noun