Current situation of cassava in Vietnam and the breeding of improved cultivars


A new future of cassava for food. feed and bio-fuel



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1.1 A new future of cassava for food. feed and bio-fuel


Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ranks as the world’s fifth most important foot crop- after maize, rice, wheat and potato. Cassava originated in South America and expended wildly to Asia. Africa and being cultivated in 105 countries in a range from 39oN to 30oS. This crop is a staple food crop for many poor farm families around the world. It is also a source of commercial animal feed. starch for the food, candy, alcohol, noodle and pharmaceutical industries (Figure 1).


Figure 1. Cassava production in the different countries in the world 2008

Source : FAO 2008 adapted by Hoang Long


Global production of cassava is around 232.95 million tons in year 2008 (Table 1) and about 54% of cassava in the world was produced in Africa. 30% in Asia. and only 16% in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).
Table 1 Area, yield and production of principle food crops in the World and Vietnam 2008


Food crops

In the World

Vietnam

Area

(millions

ha)


Yield

(ton/


ha)

Production

(millions tonnes)



Area

(millions

ha)


Yield

(ton/


ha)

Production

(millions tonnes)



Maize

161.01

5.10

822.71

1.12

4.02

4.53

Rice

158.95

4.30

685.01

7.41

5.22

38.72

Wheat

223.56

3.07

689.94

-

-

-

Potato

18.19

17.26

314.14

-

-

-

Cassava

18.69

12.46

232.95

0.56

12.46

9.39

Barley

56.77

2..77

157.64

-

-

-

Sweet Potato

8.17

13.47

110.12

0.16

8.16

1.32

Sorghum

44.91

1.46

65.53

-

-

-

Yam

4.92

10.49

51.73

-

-

-

Millets

37.40

0.95

35.65

-

-

-

Oats

11..33

2.27

23.10

-

-

-

Rye

6.77

2.62

13.26

-

-

-

Source: FAOSTAT 2008 calculated by Hoang Long

Cassava production in Asia increased at a high rate of 3% annually during the late 70s and early 80s. slowed down during the 90s. and has been growing quite rapidly again at 3.3% per year during the past ten years (Reinhardt Howeler and Keith Fahrne. 2008).




Figure 2. Cassava production and yield trends in Vietnam and Asia’s principal cassava producing countries. 1961-2006. (Source: Reinhardt Howeler and Keith Fahrne. 2008)

Impact simulations indicate that root and tubers will play economically important and increasingly diversified roles in developing country food systems over the next two decades (2020 vision by IFPRI and CIP: Gregory J.Scott. Mark W. Rosegrant. Claudia Ringler 2000). Cassava has one of the highest rates of CO2 fixation and sucrose synthesis for any C3 plant. This plant is dry land crop to have high water use efficiency being used as a suitable feedstock for ethanol production across Asia. Africa and Latin America . Bio-fuels are gaining importance ever since fossil fuel prices began skyrocketing due to geo-political issues and also the growing concerns all over about environmental pollution. Considering these issues. various developed and developing countries are formulating policies for mandatory blending of ethanol and bio-diesel (produced from renewable sources) with fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) resulting in a huge demand for raw materials for producing bio-fuel (UNEP 2009; Peter Baker 2009). In China. Brazil. Nigeria. Thailand. Indonesia. Colombia. Vietnam. Philippines and Cambodia. cassava is seen as an important crop to use for the production of bio – fuels.


Cassava is among the four most important food crops in Vietnam (Table 2) and also is water- use efficient bio-energy crop. Cassava now an important source of cash income to small farmers. Cassava chips and starch is being produced competitively.




Table 2. Area, yield and production of principle food crops in Vietnam 1995- 2008





Crop




1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

Rice

Area (’000 ha)

6,766

7,666

7,326

7,324

7,305

7,414




Yield (t/ha)

3.68

4.24

4.88

4.89

4.86

5.22




Production (’000 t)

24,963

32,529

35,790

35,826

35,560

38,720

Maize

Area (’000 ha)

556

730

995

1.031

1.150

1.125




Yield (t/ha)

2.11

2.74

3.51

3.70

3.75

4.02




Production (’000 t)

1,177

2,006

3,500

3,819

4,310

4,530

Cassava

Area (’000 ha)

277

237

432

475

560

556




Yield (t/ha)

7.97

8.35

15.35

16.24

15.89

16.90




Production (’000 t)

2,211

1,986

6,716

7,783

8,193

9,395

Sweet potato

Area (’000 ha)

304

254

205

181

180

162




Yield (t/ha)

5.53

6.33

7.56

8.00

8.05

8.16




Production (’000 t)

1,685

1,611

1,550

1,454

1,450

1,320

Source: FAOSTAT 2008 calculated by Hoang Long
China import annually 500,000 tonnes of cassava starch, and 3.5 million tonnes of cassava dry chips. equivalent to about 12 million tonnes of fresh root, that is 1.5 times of Chinese annual production now (Tian Y Nong 2009). Continued improvements, such as the introduction of better cassava varieties and plantation techniques, are expected to increase unit production of the crop. Moreover, an additional 670.000 hectares of hillside wastelands in Guangxi are suitable for growing the crop, adding to the existing 270,000 hectares of plantations. The region will also be able to obtain a stable supply of cassava mainly from Vietnam and neighboring producer countries.

Vietnam also has developed an E10 policy requiring the production of 100 to 150 million liters per year. Prime Minister approved “the scheme on bio-fuel development to 2015 and the vision to 2025”, aiming to produce bio-fuels and partly replace traditional fuels. contributing to ensure energy security and environment protection. Petrovietnam plans to build three tapioca-based ethanol plants in the northern (Phu Tho). central (Quang Ngai) and southern Vietnam (Binh Phuoc). Each costing $80 million which will use cassava as feedstock, is expected to open in 18 months with total annual capacity of 300 million liters per year. The combination of wide spread production of fresh cassava roots and the processing of cassava into chips starch and ethanol has created many jobs, has increased exports, attracted foreign investment. and contributed to industrialization and modernization of several rural areas.



1. 2 Current production and use of cassava in Vietnam

In Viet Nam about 66% of cassava is grown on Utisols, 17% on Inceptisols, 7% on Oxisols, 4% on Alfisols, 3% on Entisols and 2% on Vertisols. The soil pH hhhhH+HhhhhhHHgenerally varies from 4.5 to 6.0. In North Viet Nam, cassava is grown mainly in areas with hilly topography and about 68% of the cassava growing area has a rocky soil. while 12% have sandy soils, respectively. In South Vietnam cassava is grown mainly sandy-grey soils, these soils are flat and poor in nutrients, of the Central Coastal and the Southeast region, accounts for about 60 % of the total cassava area of the South. While more than 30% cassava is grown in the Central Highlands and Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc of Southeast region on red yellow soils with hilly topography. Due to these marked differences in cassava soil characteristics, research in the north should concentrate on erosion problems and soil fertility enhancement. Whereas in the south research on cassava variety improvement, soil fertility enhancement and conservation by using intercropping systems is of highest priority.


In 2009 cassava planted area has reached 560.4 thousand hectares (Table 3), in which about 78% of total area was allocated in the Central Coast, Central Highlands and Southeastern. It can be seen that the cassava production in Vietnam has been gradually shifted to the Central and the Southeast areas in the recent years, especially in Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dak Nong and Dak Lak provinces in the Central Highlands; and Tay Ninh. Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan provinces in the Southeastern; and Quang Nam. Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen provinces in the South Central Coast. The three regions all have increased the areas of cassava production with different levels. Prominent among three regions is the Central Highlands with a significant increase in period 2000 – 2009 (Table 4). http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=390&idmid=3&ItemID=8785.


Table 3. Cassava planted area (1,000 ha) in regions of Vietnam 1995 – 2009



Regions

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Red River Delta

10.9

9.9

8.5

8.4

8.8

7.9

7.9

North Mountainous

80.4

82.1

89.4

93.7

96.5

110.0

110.0

Central Coast

94.0

83.8

133.0

140.3

151.2

168.8

170.0

Central Highlands

32.6

38.0

89.4

125.9

129.9

150.1

150.0

Southeastern

49.3

16.1

98.8

100.9

102.9

113.5

115.0

Mekong Delta

10.2

7.7

6.4

6.0

6.2

7.4

7.5

Total of Vietnam

277.4

237.6

425.5

475.2

495.5

557.7

560.4


Table 4. Cassava production (1,000 tonnes) in regions of Vietnam 1995 – 2009

Regions

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Red River Delta

79.0

87.9

92.4

93.7

102.9

102.1

105.5

NorthMountainous

606.3

678.5

986.8

1,070.8

1,132.3

1,328.0

1,330.0

Central Coast

602.1

645.9

1,855.9

2,167.6

2,359.9

2,808.3

2,810.0

Central Highlands

283.7

351.5

1,446.6

2,058.8

2,090.4

2,356.1

2,400.0

Southeastern

560.8

154.3

2,270.5

2,327.4

2,434.4

2,694.5

2,700.0

Mekong Delta

79.6

68.2

64.0

64.2

72.9

106.8

110.0

Total of Vietnam

2,211.5

1,986.3

6,716.2

7,782.5

8,192.8

9,395.8

9,455.0

Cassava farm size in Viet Nam is small and cassava farms in the Southeastern Region are on average double the size of those in North Viet Nam. Cassava area per farm for all of Viet Nam average 0.27 ha, with extremes for the Southeast (0.85 ha) and the North Mountainous Region (0.20 ha). When farms are classified according to size, 31.6% of the sampled farms are smaller than 0.6 ha, 35.5% are between 0.6–1.05 ha, and the remaining 33% are larger than 1.05 ha.
During the 1980s and 1990s cassava production in Vietnam was in decline. But in the past nine years (2000-2009). cassava production increased from 1.99 million tones in 2000 to 9.45 million tones in 2009. This was achieved through both area expansion. from 237.600 ha in 2000 to 560.400 ha in 2009 and marked increases in yield from 8.36 tons/ha in 2000 to 16.87 tons/ha in 2009. New high-yielding cassava varieties (Table 5) and more sustainable production practices have increased the economic effectiveness of cassava production. In year 2009 more than 500.000 ha of new varieties, mainly KM94, KM140, KM98-5, KM98-1, SM937-26, KM98-7 were grown. this corresponds to more than 90 % of the total cassava area in whole country.

Table 5. Harvested area and yield of cassava varieties in use currently in Vietnam1/



Variety

Harvested area
year 2008

Fresh root yield

(t/ha)


Starch

content


(%)

Starch yield

(t/ha)


Production

(fresh root



1000 t)

x 1000 ha

%

Mean

OFT 2/

KM94

420

75.54

16.9

33.0

28.7

9.5

7.098

KM140

30

5.40

20.0

35.0

28.7

10.0

600

KM98-5

25

4.50

20.6

34.5

28.5

9.8

515

KM98-1

18

3.24

20.3

32.2

27.6

8.9

365

SM937-26

15

2.70

19.8

32.2

28.9

9.3

297

KM98-7

8

1.44

17.0

31.6

27.5

8.7

136

HL23

6

1.08

13.5

16.5

25.3

4.2

81

XVP

15

2.70

12.0

15.1

26.5

4.0

180

Others

19

3.40

6.5

14.9

25.4

3.8

124

Total

556

100.00

16.9










9.396

1/ Nguyen Van Bo. Hoang Kim et al. 2008 update data Dec. 20. 2009.

2/ Results of Sixty cassava Regional Yield Trials conducted by VNCP (2001-2008).
According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, in the 2009-crop, Viet Nam has about 560,400 ha of cassava under production, 9.45 million tonnes of cassava were harvested, up 2,700 ha and an increase of 59,200 tonnes over 2008. Cassava yields and production in many provinces have doubled, stimulated by the construction of new large-scale cassava processing factories. The cassava output in each region/province has been corresponding to the planted area and yield which greatly depends on the application of new high-yielding cassava varieties in each province and the adoption of more sustainable production practices. While twenty years ago there were no medium- or large-scale cassava starch factories in Vietnam, there are now 60 cassava processing factories in operation with a total processing capacity of 3.2- 4.8 million tones of fresh roots/year. Total cassava starch production in Vietnam was about 800.000- 1.200.000 tones, of which 70% was exported and 30% used domestically.


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