Copyright 2012 by Susan Cain
cả hai giới tính đều thể hiện phần nào sự kín đáo, dè dặt … có thể bị coi là “lạnh nhạt”
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| cả hai giới tính đều thể hiện phần nào sự kín đáo, dè dặt … có thể bị coi là “lạnh nhạt”: Patricia 26 A. McDaniel,Shrinking Violets and Caspar Milquetoasts: Shyness, Power, and Intimacy in the United States, 1950–1995(New York: New York University Press, 2003), 33–43.
26. Vào thập kỷ 1920, nhà tâm lý học có tầm ảnh hưởng … “Nền văn minh đương đại của chúng ta … có vẻ đặt giá trị cao hơn vào những con người hùng hổ”: Nicholson, “Gordon Allport, Character, and the Culture of Personality, 1897–1937,” 52–68. See also Gordon Allport, “A Test for Ascendance-Submission,”Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 23 (1928): 118–36. Allport, often referred to as a founding figure of personality psychology, published “Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement” in 1921, the same year Jung published Psychological Types. He began teaching his course “Personality: Its Psychological and Social Aspects” at Harvard University in 1924; it was probably the first course in personality ever taught in the United States. 27. Chính Jung … “khơi dậy rất nhiều ác cảm của xã hội với loại người này”: C. G. Jung, Psychological Types(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990; reprint of 1921 edition), 403–5. 28. Hội chứng IC, như nó sau này được biết đến rộng rãi … “miễn là bạn có đủ chất để chống lưng cho nó”: Haiken, 27 Venus Envy, 111–14. 29. bất chấp giọng điệu lạc quan của bài báo này … “Một tính cách lành mạnh cho mọi con em của chúng ta”: McDaniel, Shrinking Violets, 43–44. 30. Những bậc phụ huynh—hoàn toàn có ý tốt … đồng ý rằng: Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society: “Shyness,” http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Re-So/Shyness.html. 31. Một số còn ngăn cấm… để các em học được cách hòa nhập vào với: David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd(Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, reprinted by arrangement with Yale University Press, 1953), esp. 79–85 and 91. See also “The People: Freedom—New Style,” Time, September 27, 1954. 32. Những trẻ em hướng nội … “sự phát triển tính tình bất bình thường nào”: William H. Whyte, The Organization Man (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956; reprint, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 382, 384. 33. Tổng Giám Sự Hành Chính (provost) của đại học Harvard, Paul Buck: Jerome Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 185, 223. 34. “Chúng tôi gần như không có việc gì để dùng đến những loại người người hướng nội ‘siêu thông minh’”: Whyte, The Organization Man, 105. 35. Vị trưởng khoa này … “và sẽ đỡ hơn rất nhiều nếu họ có thể tạo một ấn tượng tốt”: Whyte, The Organization Man, 212. 36. “Cùng bán IBM”: Hank Whittemore, “IBM in Westchester—The Low Profile of the True Believers.” New York, May 22, 1972. The singing ended in the 1950s, according to this article. For the full words to “Selling IBM,” see http://www.digibarn.com/collections/songs/ibm-songs. 37. Những người còn lại trong biên chế nhân viên … quảng cáo in của Equanil nói rõ: Louis Menand, “Head Case: Can Psychiatry Be a Science?” The New Yorker, March 1, 2010. 38. Vào những năm 1960, quảng cáo thuốc an thần Serentil: Elliott, Better Than Well, xv. 39. Hướng ngoại là thành tố có trong cả từng nhiễm sắc thể của mỗi chúng ta: Kenneth R. Olson, “Why Do Geographic Differences Exist in the Worldwide Distribution of Extraversion and Openness to Experience? The History of Human Emigration as an Explanation,” Individual Differences Research 5, no. 4 (2007): 275–88. See also Chuansheng Chen, “Population Migration and the Variation of Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) Allele Frequencies Around the Globe,” Evolution and Human Behavior 20 (1999): 309–24. 40. đế chế La Mã, nơi có những người mà với họ hình phạt nặng nề nhất là bị trục xuất ra khỏi thành phố: Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990), 165. 41. Thậm chí cả những cuộc phục hưng Thiên Chúa giáo ở Mỹ, từ tận giai đoạn thời kỳ Đại Tỉnh Thức đầu tiên: Long before that silver-tongued Chautauqua speaker turned Dale Carnegie’s world upside down, religious revivals were taking place under huge tents all over the country. Chautauqua itself was inspired by these “Great Awakenings,” the first in the 1730s and 1740s, and the second in the early decades of the nineteenth century. The Christianity on offer in the Awakenings was new and theatrical; its leaders were sales-oriented, focused on packing followers under their great tents. Ministers’ reputations depended on how exuberant they were in speech and gesture. The star system dominated Christianity long before the concept of movie stars even existed. The dominant evangelist of the First Great Awakening was a British showman named George Whitefield who drew standing-room-only crowds with his dramatic impersonations of biblical figures and unabashed weeping, shouting, and crying out. But where the First Great Awakening balanced drama with intellect and gave birth to universities like Princeton and Dartmouth, the Second Great Awakening was even more personality-driven; its leaders focused purely on drawing crowds. Believing, as many megachurch pastors do today, that too academic an approach would fail to pack tents, many evangelical leaders gave up on intellectual values altogether and embraced their roles as salesmen and entertainers. “My theology! I didn’t know I had any!” exclaimed the nineteenth-century evangelist D. L. Moody. This kind of oratory affected not only styles of worship, but also people’s ideas of who Jesus was. A 1925 advertising executive named Bruce Fairchild Barton published a book called The Man Nobody Knows. It presented Jesus as a superstar sales guy who “forged twelve men from the bottom ranks of business into an organization that conquered the world.” This Jesus was no lamb; this was “the world’s greatest business executive” and “The Founder of Modern Business.” The notion of Jesus as a role model for business leadership fell on extraordinarily receptive ears. The Man Nobody Knowsbecame one of the best-selling nonfiction books of the twentieth century, according to Powell’s Books. See Adam S. McHugh, Introverts in the Church: Finding Our Place in an Extroverted Culture (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 2009), 23–25. See also Neal Gabler, Life: The Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 25–26. 42. những cư dân Mỹ bắt đầu ngưỡng mộ hành động: Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1962); see, for example, pp. 51 and 256–57. 43. chiến dịch tranh cử tổng thống năm 1828: Neal Gabler, Life: The Movie, 28. 44. John Quincy Adams, tình cờ: Steven J. Rubenzer et al., “Assessing the U.S. Presidents Using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory,” Assessment 7, no. 4 (2000): 403–20. 45. “Sự tôn trọng mà chúng ta có dành cho những tính cách cá nhân”: Harold Stearns, America and the Young Intellectual(New York: George H. Duran Co., 1921). 46. “Thật kỳ lạ khi nghĩ về mức độ chú ý”: Henderson, “Media and the Rise of Celebrity Culture.” 47. đi lang thang như những đám mây trôi vô định: William Wordsworth, “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” 1802. 48. đắm mình trong sự tĩnh lặng của Walden Pond: Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 1854. 49. Số lượng những người Mỹ tự coi mình là nhút nhát, rụt rè: Bernardo Carducci and Philip G. Zimbardo, “Are You Shy?” Psychology Today, November 1, 1995. 50. “Chứng rối loạn lo lắng xã hội” … một phần năm dân số: M. B. Stein, J. R. Walker, and D. R. Forde, “Setting Diagnostic Thresholds for Social Phobia: Considerations from a Community Survey of Social Anxiety,”American Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1994): 408–42. 51. Phiên bản mới nhất của cuốn Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV): American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV), 2000. See 300.23, “Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)”: “The diagnosis is appropriate only if the avoidance, fear, or anxious anticipation of encountering the social or performance situation interferes significantly with the person’s daily routine, occupational functioning, or social life, or if the person is markedly distressed about having the phobia.… In feared social or performance situations, individuals with Social Phobia experience concerns about embarrassment and are afraid that others will judge them to be anxious, weak, ‘crazy,’ or stupid. They may fear public speaking because of concern that others will notice their trembling hands or voice or they may experience extreme anxiety when conversing with others because of fear that they will appear inarticulate.… The fear or avoidance must interfere significantly with the person’s normal routine, occupational or academic functioning, or social activities or relationships, or the person must experience marked distress about having the phobia. For example, a person who is afraid of speaking in public would not receive a diagnosis of Social Phobia if this activity is not routinely encountered on the job or in the classroom and the person is not particularly distressed about it.” 52. “Sẽ là không đủ… nếu bạn chỉ có thể ngồi bên bàn máy tính”: Daniel Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 2000), 32. 53. vẫn chiếm vị trí hàng đầu trong số các sách bán chạy nhất: See, for example, http://www.nationalpost.com/Business+Bestsellers/3927572/story.html. 54. “tất cả mọi nói chuyện đều là để bán hàng và tất cả mọi sự bán hàng đều phải qua nói chuyện”: Michael Erard, Um: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean (New York: Pantheon, 2007), 156. 55. với hơn 12.500 câu lạc bộ trải khắp 113 nước khác nhau trên thế giới: http://www.toastmasters.org/MainMenuCategories/WhatisToastmasters.aspx (accessed September 10, 2010). 56. Video quảng cáo cho website của Toastmasters: http://www.toastmasters.org/DVDclips.aspx (accessed July 29, 2010). Click on “Welcome to Toastmasters! The entire 15 minute story. CHƯƠNG 3: KHI SỰ CỘNG TÁC GIẾT CHẾT TÍNH SÁNG TẠO 1. “Tôi là một con ngựa chỉ có thể mang một bộ yên cương”: Albert Einstein, in “Forum and Century,” vol. 84, pp. 193–94 (the thirteenth in the Forum series Living Philosophies, a collection of personal philosophies of famous people, published in 1931). 2. “5 tháng Ba, 1975”: The story of Stephen Wozniak throughout this chapter is drawn largely from his autobiography, iWoz (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006). The description of Woz as being the “nerd soul” of Apple comes from http://valleywag.gawker.com/220602/wozniak-jobs-design-role-overstated. 3. một loạt các nghiên cứu về bản chất của tính sáng tạo: Donald W. MacKinnon, “The Nature and Nurture of Creative Talent” (Walter Van Dyke Bingham Lecture given at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, April 11, 1962). See also MacKinnon, “Personality and the Realization of Creative Potential,” Presidential Address presented at Western Psychological Association, Portland, Oregon, April 1964. 4. Một trong những khám phá quan trọng nhất của họ: See, for example, (1) Gregory J. Feist, “A Meta-Analysis of Personality in Scientific and Artistic Creativity,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 2, no. 4 (1998): 290–309; (2) Feist, “Autonomy and Independence,” Encyclopedia of Creativity, vol. 1 (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999), 157–63; and (3) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: Harper Perennial, 1996), 65–68. There are some studies showing a correlation between extroversion and creativity, but in contrast to the studies by MacKinnon, Csikszentmihalyi, and Feist, which followed people whose careers had proven them to be exceptionally creative “in real life,” these tend to be studies of college students measuring subjects’ creativity in more casual ways, for example by analyzing their personal hobbies or by asking them to play creativity games like writing a story about a picture. It’s likely that extroverts would do better in high-arousal settings like these. It’s also possible, as the psychologist Uwe Wolfradt suggests, that the relationship between introversion and creativity is “discernable at a higher level of creativity only.” (Uwe Wolfradt, “Individual Differences in Creativity: Personality, Story Writing, and Hobbies,”European Journal of Personality 15, no. 4, [July/August 2001]: 297–310.) 5. Hans Eysenck: Hans J. Eysenck, Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 6. “Sự sáng tạo—trái tim của một nền kinh tế tri thức”: Malcolm Gladwell, “Why Your Bosses Want to Turn Your New Office into Greenwich Village,” The New Yorker, December 11, 2000. 7. “Không ai trong chúng ta thông minh bằng tất cả chúng ta”: Warren Bennis, Organizing Genius: The Secrets of Creative Collaboration (New York: Basic Books, 1997). 8. “Michelangelo cũng phải có những phụ tá”: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2008). 9. họ càng lúc càng tổ chức nhân sự của mình thành những teams (đội, nhóm): Steve Koslowski and Daniel Ilgen, “Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 7, no. 3 (2006): 77–124. 10. Tới năm 2000, theo ước tính đã có: Dennis J. Devine, “Teams in Organizations: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Effectiveness,” Small Group Research 20 (1999): 678–711. 11. ngày nay gần như tất cả bọn họ đều làm thế: Frederick Morgeson et al., “Leadership in Teams: A Functional Approach to Understanding Leadership Structures and Processes,” Journal of Management 36, no. 1 (2010): 5–39. 12. 91% các quản lý cấp cao tin tưởng rằng: Ibid. 13. Chuyên viên tư vấn Stephen Harvill nói với tôi rằng: Author interview, October 26, 2010. 14. trên 70% nhân viên ngày nay: Davis, “The Physical Environment of the Office.” See also James C. McElroy and Paula C. Morrow, “Employee Reactions to Office Redesign: A Naturally Occurring Quasi-Field Experiment in a Multi-Generational Setting,” Human Relations 63, no. 5 (2010): 609–36. See also Davis, “The Physical Environment of the Office”: open-plan offices are “the most popular office design” today. See also Joyce Gannon, “Firms Betting Open-Office Design, Amenities Lead to Happier, More Productive Workers,” Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh), February 9, 2003. See also Stephen Beacham, Real Estate Weekly, July 6, 2005. The first company to use an open plan in a high-rise building was Owens Corning, in 1969. Today, many companies use them, including Proctor & Gamble, Ernst & Young, GlaxoSmithKline, Alcoa, and H. J. Heinz.http://www.owenscorning.com/acquainted/about/history/1960.asp. See also Matthew Davis et al., “The Physical Environment of the Office: Contemporary and Emerging Issues,” in G. P. Hodgkinson and J. K. Ford, eds., International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 26 (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2011), 193–235: “… there was a ‘widespread introduction of open-plan and landscaped offices in North America in the 1960s and 1970s.’ ” But see Jennifer Ann McCusker, “Individuals and Open Space Office Design: The Relationship Between Personality and Satisfaction in an Open Space Work Environment,” dissertation, Organizational Studies, Alliant International University, April 12, 2002 (“the concept of open space design began in the mid 1960s with a group of German management consultants,” citing Karen A. Edelman, “Take Down the Walls,” Across the Board 34, no. 3 [1997]: 32–38). 15. Lượng diện tích dành cho một nhân viên đã giảm: Roger Vincent, “Office Walls Are Closing in on Corporate Workers,” Los Angeles Times, December 15, 2010. 16. “Đã có một bước chuyển từ ‘Tôi làm việc’ sang ‘Chúng Tôi làm việc’”: Paul B. Brown, “The Case for Design,” Fast Company, June 2005. 17. Đối thủ cạnh tranh với ông, hãng nội thất văn phòng Herman Miller, Inc.: “New Executive Office-scapes: Moving from Private Offices to Open Environments,” Herman Miller Inc., 2003. 18. Vào năm 2006, Trường Kinh Tế Ross trực thuộc Đại học Michigan: Dave Gershman, “Building Is ‘Heart and Soul’ of the Ross School of Business,” mlive.com, January 24, 2009. See also Kyle Swanson, “Business School Offers Preview of New Home, Slated to Open Next Semester,” Michigan Daily, September 15, 2008. 19. Theo một bản điều tra toàn quốc tiến hành năm 2002: Christopher Barnes, “What Do Teachers Teach? A Survey of America’s Fourth and Eighth Grade Teachers,” conducted by the Center for Survey Research and Analysis, University of Connecticut, Civic Report no. 28, September 2002. See also Robert E. Slavin, “Research on Cooperative Learning and Achievement: What We Know, What We Need to Know,”Contemporary Educational Psychology 21, no. 1 (1996): 43–69 (citing 1993 national survey findings that 79 percent of elementary school teachers and 62 percent of middle school teachers made sustained use of cooperative learning). Note that in “real life,” many teachers are simply throwing students into groups but not using “cooperative learning” per se, which involves a highly specific set of procedures, according to an e-mail sent to the author by Roger Johnson of the Cooperative Learning Center at the University of Minnesota. 20. “cách học ‘cộng tác’ ”: Bruce Williams, Cooperative Learning: A Standard for High Achievement(Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2004), 3–4. 21. Janet Farrall và Leonie Kronborg: Janet Farrall and Leonie Kronborg, “Leadership Development for the Gifted and Talented,” in Fusing Talent—Giftedness in Australian Schools, edited by M. McCann and F. Southern (Adelaide: The Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers, 1996). 22. “Đằng nào thì các nhân viên bây giờ cũng đã bê cả cuộc đời của họ lên Facebook và Twitter rồi”: Radio interview with Kai Ryssdal, “Are Cubicles Going Extinct?”, Marketplace, from American Public Media, December 15, 2010. 23. Một lượng đặc biệt lớn những người yêu thích máy tính thời kỳ đầu tiên: Sarah Holmes and Philip L. Kerr, “The IT Crowd: The Type Distribution in a Group of Information Technology Graduates,” Australian Psychological Type Review 9, no. 1 (2007): 31–38. See also Yair Amichai-Hamburger et al., “ ‘On the Internet No One Knows I’m an Introvert’: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Internet Interaction,”CyberPsychology and Behavior 5, no. 2 (2002): 125–28. 24. tải về 2.68 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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