Chapter 1: business in the information age


-4. Mastering four helpful writing techniques (1 of 9)



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3-4. Mastering four helpful writing techniques (1 of 9)


Creating emphasis
-Without verbal and nonverbal clues, when writing you must rely on other ways to inform readers about which ideas are more important than others
-Emphasis in writing can be achieved in two ways: mechanically and stylistically

2 of 9:
-To achieve emphasis through mechanics
+Underlining
+Italics and boldface
+Font changes
+All caps
+Dashes
+Tabulation
-Other means of achieving mechanical emphasis include the arrangement of space, color, line, boxes, columns, titles, headings and subheadings

3 of 9
-To achieve emphasis stylistically
+Use vivid, not general, words
+Label the main idea
+Place the important idea first or last
+Place the main idea in a simple sentence or in an independent clause

4 of 9:
-De-emphasizing when necessary
+Use general words
+Subordinat the bad news
-Place the bad news in a dependent clause connected to an independent clause that contains something positive

5 of 9
Using the active and passive voice effectively
-In the active voice, the subject (also called the actor) performs the action
-In the passive voice, the subject receives the action
-Active-voice sentences are usually shorter, easier to understand and more direct because they reveal the performer immediately
-Passive voice can be useful to emphasize an action rather than a person, de-emphasize negative news and conceal the doer of an action

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Active voice and passive voice

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Createing parallelism
-Parallelism is a writing technique that produces balanced writing
-Sentences written so that their parts are balanced or parallel are easy to read and understand
-To achieve parallel construction
+Use similar structures to express similar ideas
+Try to match nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, and clauses with clauses
+Avoid mixing active-voice verbs with passive-voice verbs

8 of 9
-Dodging dangling and misplaced modifiers
-A dangling modifier occurs when the word or phrase it describes is missing from its sentences
-A misplaced modifier occurs when the word or phrase it describes is not close enough to be clear


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