British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Contents
Preface
ix
Introduction to the second edition
xi
Acknowledgments
xiii
Glossary
xv
1
Introduction
1
1.1
‘If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!’
1
1.2
Safe working practices
1
1.3
Terminology
2
1.4
Report writing
3
2
Diagnostic techniques
6
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Diagnostic process
6
2.3
Diagnostics on paper
8
2.4
Mechanical diagnostic techniques
9
2.5
Electrical diagnostic techniques
12
2.6
Fault codes
17
2.7
Systems
18
2.8
On- and off-board diagnostics
20
2.9
Data sources
21
3
Tools and equipment
25
3.1
Basic equipment
25
3.2
Oscilloscopes
28
3.3
Scanners/fault code readers
30
3.4
Engine analysers
32
4
Oscilloscope diagnostics
40
4.1
Introduction
40
4.2
Sensors
40
4.3
Actuators
49
4.4
Ignition system
54
4.5
Other components
58
4.6
Summary
60
5
On-board diagnostics
61
5.1
On-board diagnostics – a first perspective
61
5.2
What is on-board diagnostics?
63
5.3
Petrol/gasoline on-board diagnostic monitors
66
5.4
On-board diagnostics – a second perspective
74
5.5
Summary
84
6
Sensors and actuators
86
6.1
Introduction
86
6.2
Sensors
86
6.3
Actuators
94

vi
Contents
7
Engine systems
98
7.1
Introduction
98
7.2
Engine operation
98
7.3
Diagnostics – engines
101
7.4
Fuel system
103
7.5
Diagnostics – fuel system
106
7.6
Introduction to engine management 
108
7.7
Ignition
108
7.8
Diagnostic – ignition systems
116
7.9
Emissions
120
7.10
Diagnostics – emissions
122
7.11
Fuel injection
122
7.12
Diagnostics – fuel injection systems
126
7.13
Diesel injection
127
7.14
Diagnostics – diesel injection systems
130
7.15
Engine management
132
7.16
Diagnostics – combined injection and fuel control systems
138
7.17
Engine management and faultfinding information
143
7.18
Air supply and exhaust systems
144
7.19
Diagnostics – exhaust and air supply
147
7.20
Cooling
148
7.21
Diagnostics – cooling
150
7.22
Lubrication
151
7.23
Diagnostics – lubrication
153
7.24
Batteries
155
7.25
Diagnosing battery faults
156
7.26
Starting
159
7.27
Diagnosing starting system faults
163
7.28
Charging
163
7.29
Diagnosing charging system faults
167
8
Chassis systems
169
8.1
Brakes
169
8.2
Diagnostics – brakes
172
8.3
Anti-lock brakes
174
8.4
Diagnostics – anti-lock brakes
177
8.5
Traction control
178
8.6
Diagnostics – traction control
180
8.7
Steering and tyres
181
8.8
Diagnostics – steering and tyres
186
8.9
Suspension
190
8.10
Diagnostics – suspension
195
9
Electrical systems
197
9.1
Electronic components and circuits
197
9.2
Multiplexing
200
9.3
Lighting
203
9.4
Diagnosing lighting system faults
207
9.5
Auxiliaries
209
9.6
Diagnosing auxiliary system faults
214
9.7
In car entertainment (ICE) security and communications
216
9.8
Diagnosing ICE, security and communication system faults
219
9.9
Body electrical systems
221
9.10
Diagnosing body electrical system faults
225
9.11
Instrumentation
226
9.12
Diagnosing instruments system faults
230

9.13
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
231
9.14
Diagnostics – HVAC
237
9.15
Cruise control
239
9.16
Diagnostics – cruise control
240
9.17
Air bags and belt tensioners
241
9.18
Diagnostics – air bags and belt tensioners
244
10
Transmission systems
247
10.1
Manual transmission
247
10.2
Diagnostics – manual transmission
251
10.3
Automatic transmission
253
10.4
Diagnostics – automatic transmission
256
11
Conclusion, web resources and developments
260
11.1
Introduction
260
11.2
Web contacts
260
11.3
Future developments in diagnostic systems
262
11.4
Software
263
11.5
Summary
265
Index
267
Contents
vii

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Preface
The aspect I still enjoy most about working on
vehicles is being able to diagnose a fault that has
beaten others! This skill takes a few years to
develop but it is worth the effort. Diagnostic work
is much like that of a detective solving a difficult
crime, all the clues are usually there – if you know
where to look. I think it was Sherlock Holmes (a
fictional detective if you have never heard of
him!) who said:
When you have eliminated all which is 
impossible, then whatever remains, however
improbable, must be the truth.
This is a great thought for a diagnostic technician
to keep in mind.
To help you learn ‘where to look’ for the clues
and to eliminate the impossible, this book com-
bines some aspects of automotive technology cov-
ered in my other books. However, it goes much
further with a new approach to the art of diag-
nostics as a science.
The skills needed to be a good diagnostic
technician are many and varied. For one job you
may need to listen to a rumbling noise as the car
corners, for another you may need to interpret an
oscilloscope waveform or a diagnostic trouble
code.
Vehicles continue to become more complicated,

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