Acknowledgements
Contrast of English and Vietnamese passive constructions semantically
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- Điều hướng trang này:
- 4.2.2 Differences.
4.2. Contrast of English and Vietnamese passive constructions semantically4.2.1 SimilaritiesThe passive sentences in Vietnamese are mainly based on the semantic realm. The common feature between passive sentences in English and Vietnamese lies in the fact that the grammatical subjects of passive constructions have the same semantic roles namely: goal, beneficiary, recipient... 4.2.2 Differences.The syntactic differences between the English passive structures and the Vietnamese ones are analyzed in three areas: the Vietnamese passive functional words (bÞ ,®îc), the passive subject and the verb. The first difference is related to the objectivity and subjectivity decided by the Vietnamese passive functional words “bÞ”, “®îc”. The difference is in the subjectivity in Vietnamese passive sentences. “BÞ”, “®îc” expressions partly shows speakers’ attitude towards the event meanwhile the passive expressions in English focus on the event. This point is illustrated in the following sentences: Hai lÇn/ tù tö/, «ng Êy/ ®Òu bÞ/ ngêi ta/ ph¸t hiÖn /vµ cøu tho¸t. Twice/committing suicide, he / functional / people/ find out/rescue (Ninh, 2004: 56)
He / functional / people/ find out/rescue If translated, both of 2 sentences have the same versions. The subjectivity and objectivity are expressed only with the extra help of some adverbs like “unluckily”, “luckily”.
However, in scientific document, the way of utilizing “®îc” does not always show speaker’s attitude. Chai lä nªn (®îc) röa hµng ngµy. Bottles/should/ (functional word)/wash /daily. Bottles should be washed daily. The speaker can use both of the structures “Chai lä nªn röa hµng ngµy” or “Chai lä nªn ®îc röa hµng ngµy” with no difference in meaning. The passive function word ®îc is used just because of the speaker’s habit of language usage. The second difference in terms of meaning is the decisive role of lexical meaning of the subject in Vietnamese. According to ThuyÕt (1999), Quý (2003), with the same surface structure, the lexical meaning of subject will decide whether the sentence is active, neutral, or passive. The following examples will partly illustrate the point:
The English passive sentence is the equivalent to both of the Vietnamese passive sentence and the Vietnamese neutral sentence. The Vietnamese neutral sentence stands in middle between the active sentence and the thematic ones in terms of structure. However, the Vietnamese neutral is similar to the passive sentence in the same way that the grammatical subject is affected by the agent. Therefore, the Vietnamese active and thematic ones are translated into the English active ones while both the Vietnamese neutral and the passive sentences equal with the English passive constructions. All these sentences are somehow related to the others. In addition, whether the sentences have the passive meaning or not depends on the lexical meaning of the subjects. Examples in the same type include the verb “sinh” and “®Î” in Vietnamese ( “deliver a baby” and “to be born”) which exit in both active and passive expressions. The distinguishing features between “active” and “passive” depend on the denotative meaning of subject. If it is male, inanimate subject, the sentences tend to be the passive or neutral ones. If the subjects refer to the female, the sentences often are the active ones
The third difference between Vietnamese and English passive constructions is the decisive role of verbs’ lexical meaning to the type of sentence: passive constructions or active ones. This interesting feature has been suggested by Quý (2003). She further explains why with a similar grammar structure, some Vietnamese passive expressions are acceptable but not others: There are two ways of understanding from the same structure:
One way of understanding is the possessive relations as follows:
The other way of understanding is based on the semantic role of the beneficiary as in the following analysis:
In most English cases of two objects, there are two passive constructions with the grammatical subjects being the direct and indirect object in the active sentence. In Vietnamese, the two corresponding passive constructions are accepted in the case the indirect object is considered as the beneficiary. If the indirect object is understood as it possesses the direct object, there is only one passive construction with the indirect object as the grammatical subject. An example is the sentence C« gi¸o röa tay cho nã. There are two ways of understanding: possessive relation röa tay cña nã and beneficiary relation röa tay cho nã. In the possessive relation, there is one accepted passive construction with the animate passive subject (nã). Meanwhile in the beneficiary relation, there are two passive constructions with both the animate subject (nã) and inanimate subject (tay). Usually these passive sentences are added with adjuncts (cho in this example) and/or adverbs (cho s¹ch in this example) The forth difference is in the verb constraints. In the group of transitive verb suggested by Quirk, R. (1972), some English transitive verbs like have, lack, hold, become, fit, suit, resemble do not occur in passive. In Vietnamese, suggested by QuÝ (2003), some transitive verbs rarely occur in passive. These verbs often are spiritual verbs like dç, dç dµnh (comfort/soothe), an ñi (console/comfort), khuyÕn khÝch, khÝch lÖ (encourage) and others. These verbs usually occur in neutral sentence only.
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