Abandon a post Đào nhiệm Abandon a prossecution, an action
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| Partial verdict In criminal law, a verdict by which the jury acquits the defendant as to a part of the
accusation and finds him guilty as to the residue. Sự tuyên án có tội một phần
respondent on the other side); a person directly interested in the subject matter of a case. Bên tranh tụng
time in the community to learn a skill or to study, although the rest must be spent in jail or in a correctional facility. Tạm thích một phần thời gian để huấn nghệ. Penal servitude Hình phạt khổ sai Penal servitude for life Khổ sai chung thân Penal settlement Trại phát lưu Penalty Hình phạt Penalty assessment Phạt vạ kèm theo hình phạt Pending Đang tiến hành Penitentiary Nhà tù, khán đường, trại giam People (prosecution) Nhân dân ( công tố ) People vs.__________ Nhân dân k.__________ People`s burden of proof In criminal cases, the prosecution bears the burden of proof. The prosecution must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the crime he has been charged with. Gánh nặng bằng chứng về phía công tố People`s exhibit Chứng tích của nhân dân (hay công tố viên) Peremptory challenge Đặc quyền bãi miễn; khước biện quyết tuyệt Peremptory defense Kháng biện về nội dung Peremptory evidence Chứng cớ giải trách/giải miễn Peremptory writ Trát đòi đích thân hầu toà; trát đòi đích thân xuất đình Perjury Làm chứng gian; khai gian Perjury subordination A crime consisting of the procurement of another to commit perjury. Tội man khai Permanent resident Thường trú nhân Personal action Tố quyền động sản Personal action at law Tố quyền đối nhân Personal claim Trái quyền động sản Personal File Number P.F.N. Number given by the police when a person is arrested. It corresponds to the person`s fingerprints. Số hồ sơ cảnh sát
Giả danh; mạo danh Pertinent Thích hợp, thích đáng, đúng chỗ Petit jury Ordinary trial jury, whose function is to determine issues of fact in civil and criminal cases and to reach a verdict in conjunction with those findings. While the number of jurors has historically been twelve , many states now permit six member juries in civil cases, and some states permit six member juries to hear criminal cases as well. Bồi thẩm đoàn
Sự cầu xin ; đơn xin. Thỉnh nguyện; kiến nghị Petitioner Nguyên đơn, nguyên cáo Petitory action Tố quyền sở hữu Petty larceny Sự trộm vặt Petty theft Ăn cắp vặt P.F.N. Personal File Number.Number given by the police when a person is arrested. It corresponds to the person`s fingerprints. Số hồ sơ cảnh sát Pimping Làm ma-cô; dắt gái điếm Place of abode Cư sở Plaintiff The one who initially brings the suit to a court or who asks that a particular person be prosecuted for a violation of law; he/she may also be called the moving party or the petioner. Nguyên đơn, nguyên cáo Plea Plead, enter a plea .The defendant response to a criminal charge (guilty, not guilty or nolo contendere) Khai về tội trạng
prosecutor in return drops more serious charges. Điều đình hoán tội
negociate a mutually satisfactory disposition of the case; plea negotiations can center around the defendant`s pleading guilty to a lesser offense, or to only one or some of the counts in a multi-count indictment or information; in return, the defendant seeks to obtain concessions as to the type or length of his/her sentence or reduction of accounts against him/her; however, such agreements do not bind the court which has discretion as to whether to accept the plea and its attendant bargain or not.. Điều đình hoán tội Plea of guilty A confession of guilt in open court Thú tội trước tòa Plea of nolo contendere One which has the same effect as plea of guilty in so far as regards the proceedings on the indictment and it is a confession for the purpose of the criminal prosecution and does not bind the defendant in a civil suit for the same wrong. Để tùy tòa xét xử Pleadings Statements, in logical and legal form, of the facts which constitute plaintiff`s cause of action and defendant`s ground of defense. Lý đoán; biện minh trạng; lời biện hộ
Chế độ đa hôn Points and Authorities Statutes or cases cited to justify a legal conclusion. Các điểm pháp lý và án lệ Police court Police Magistrate.An inferior court having the power to prosecute minor criminal offenses and to hold for trial persons charged with more serious offenses Toà vi cảnh Police court magistrate Thẩm phán hoà giải Polygamy The condition or practice of having more than one spouse at one time. Also called plural marriage. Chế độ đa hôn Polygraph Máy trắc nghiệm nói dối Polygyny The condition or practice of having more than one wife at one time. Chế độ đa thê Positive law Thực tại pháp Possessory action Tố quyền chấp hữu Possession Refers to unlawful possession of narcotics or controlled dangerous drugs or marijuana. Oa trử
Possession of drugs Oa trử chất ma túy Possessory action Tố quyền chấp hữu Posthumous child Con di phúc; một sinh tử Postmortem examination Examination of a cadaver to determine or confirm the cause of death. Also called necropsy, postmortem, autopsy. Sự khám nghiệm tử thi Postponement Sự đình hoãn Power of attorney Quyền ủy nhiệm Prejudice Bias or preconceived opinion Thành kiến Preliminary hearing The prceeding in municipal court on felony charges at which time the committing magistrate must determine if there is probable cause to believe that the defendant is guilty and therefore must stand trial later in superior court. Phiên tòa sơ vấn Preparatory judgment Án dự phán Preponderance of evidence General standard of proof in civil cases; that evidence which is more believable or convincing to the trier of fact (judge or jury) than the evidence presented in opposition. Ưu thế về bằng chứng
specified duration. Also called positive prescription. The limitation of time beyond which an action, a debt, or a crime is no longer valid or enforceable. Also called negative
Thời hiệu Pre-sentence investigation An inquiry into the background and personality of a convicted person so that the court can take it into consideration before deciding what sentence should be imposed; usually made by a probation officer who summits a probation report to the judge. Điều tra trước khi tuyên án Pre-sentence report Phúc trình trước khi tuyên án Presumption of innocence Sự cho là vô tội. You are presumed innocent until proven guilty.`Trước khi chứng minh là có tội bạn vẫn được xem là người vô tội. Presumptive evidence Bằng chứng bằng suy đoán Pre-trial conference readiness hearing At any after the filing of the complaint/indictment or information the court upon motion of a party or upon its own motion may order one or more conferences to consider such matters as will promote a fair and expeditious trial. At the conclusion of a onference the court shall prepare and file a memorandum of the matters agreed upon. No admissions made by the defendant shall be used against the defendant unless the admissions are reduced to writing and signed by the defendant and his attorney. Hội kiến tại tòa trước phiên xử
Hiển nhiên, rõ ràng, rành rành Prima facie case A case in which the evidence presented is sufficient for a judgment to be made unless the evidence is contested. Vụ kiện có đủ bằng chứng
Khởi chứng Prima facie proof Refers to the quantity of evidence sufficient in law to raise a presumption of fact or to establish a particular fact unless rebutted by other evidences; similar in meaning to prima facie case. Khởi chứng Principal One who commits or is an accomplice to a crime. Người phạm tội (chính phạm hoặc tòng phạm) Principal in the first degree Chính phạm Principal in the second degree Tòng phạm Priorable offense Tội có thể trở thành tiền án Prior convictions Priors Tiền án
Priors Prior convictions Tiền án
Prison Nhà tù; khám đường (tội đại hình) Prisoner at the bar Bị cáo Private international law Tư pháp quốc tế; luật phân tranh Privilege Đặc quyền Probable cause The reasonable belief, based on facts or circumstances, that a particular person has committed a particular crime or that property subject to search and seisure is at a designated location; probable cause is a requisite element of search and seisure and arrest.
Lý do khả tín Probate Court A court limited to the jurisdiction of probating wills and administering estates.Surrogate Court, Orphans` Court (Pa) Toàn án Cô Nhi
granting that person provisional freedom on the promise of good behavior. Sự quản chế; sự tạm tha có theo dõi
is required to report to the court the progress of the probationer and to surrender him if he violates the terms and conditions of his probation. Viên chức Quản chế
the offender in order to assist the judge in determining what the best sentence should be for the offender and the community. Most reports will contain recommendations for sentence, and these are often accepted by judges. Tờ trình về việc quản chế.
Quản chế không cần Sở Quản Chế theo rõi Probation violation A willful failure to observe and/or to comply with any of the terms or conditions of probation; if the defendant is found to be in violation of his/her probation, the probation may be revoked, modified or terminated. Vi phạm quản chế Procurator One authorized to manage the affairs of another; an agent. Người đại quyền Proof Evidence convincing to the judge or jury Bằng chứng Pro Per A defendant who represents himself without legal counsel (in propria persona) Tự biện hộ Property held in fee simple Tài sản không bị ràng buộc/được tự do/có thể cầm cố được Prosecution Sự truy tố Prosecution evidence Bằng chứng của công tố viên Prosecution exhibits Chứng tích của công tố viên Prosecutor Biện lý; công tố viên Prospective jurors Bồi thẩm viên tương lai Prostitution Mãi dâm Provisional constitutional act Hiến ước tạm thời Provisionally enforceable judgment Án văn chấp hành về nhất bộ Public attorney Biện lý Public defender P.D. An attorney employed by a government agency whose work consists primary defending indigent defendants in criminal cases. Luật sư bào chữa công cử
Kháng cáo tối thiểu Pull the time waiver A defendant who has given up his right to a speedy trial may reaffirm his right and must be brought to trial within 10 days after having reasserted his rights. This action is generally called `pulling the time waiver`. Rút lui việc từ bỏ quyến được xét xử nhanh,
Trẻ em được giám hộ Putative Generally regarded as such; supposed. Ngộ tín; giả định, coi như là Putative child Con ngộ tín Putative father Người cha ngộ tín Putative marriage Hôn nhân ngộ tín Q Quash To put down or suppress forcibly and completely: quash a rebellion Hủy bỏ; tiêu hủy Quash a sentence on appeal Bác bản án sau khi phúc thẩm R Rambling (Nói) huyên thiên, dông dài, không có mạch lạc. Rap sheet A criminal history (printout) including arrests and convictions. In Alameda County it is often called a Corpus rap sheet. Bản tóm lược tiền án
or, in any case, without the person`s consent; an act of sexual intercourse with a female, under the age of 18 years, not the wife of the perpetrator, accomplished with or without her consent in the crime of Unlawful Sexual Intercourse ( Statutory Rape) Hiếp dâm
Cưỡng hiếp Real action Tố quyền đối vật Real evidence Chứng cớ vật thể Reasonable doubt This is a term often used, but not easily defined; it does not mean a mere possible doubt, because everything relating to human affairs and depending on moral evidence is open to some possible or imaginary doubt; it is that state of the case which, after a full comparison and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the minds of the jurors (or the mind of the judge, in court trials) in that condition that they cannot say they feel an abiding conviction to a moral certainty of the truth of the charge. Nghi vấn pháp lý Reasonable doubt, Beyond a Ngoài nghi vấn pháp lý Rebuttal The introduction of rebuttal evidence. Rebuttal evidence is any evidence that rebuts, counteracts , or disproves evidence given by a witness or other kind of evidence introduced by the opposing party; rebuttal evidence is offered to contradict other evidence or to rebut a presumption of fact. Sự bác bỏ (luận cứ đối phương) Reckless driving Lái xe ẩu tả Recognizance An obligation of record that is entered into before a court or magistrate, containing a condition to perform a particular act, such as making a court appearance. A sum of money pledged to assure the performance of such an act. Sự cam kết trước tòa; tiền bảo chứng Recognizance ,Release on one`s own A condition under which an individual is released without bail, upon hi/sher promise to appear and answer to a criminal charge; in general it involves only his/her promise to appear. But sometimes special conditions may be imposed (e.g., remaining in the custody of another, abiding by travel restrictions, etc.) Phóng thích với lời hứa sẽ ra hầu toà Re-cross examination Tái vấn Re-direct examination Questioning the witness after the cross-examination. The attorney who conducted the direct examination conducts the re-direct examination. Tái trực vấn
Phong cách ngôn ngữ Registration as a sex offender Section 290 of the Penal code requires that persons convicted of certain sex offenses must register with the local Police as a sex offender. Đăng ký là người phạm tội về tính dục
Di giao
Remand to custody To send the prisoner bach to the place of confinement Di giao phạm nhân về nơi giam giữ Remedy Legal compensation for a wrong Sự sửa sai; sự bồi thường Replevin An action to recover personal property said or claimed to be unlawfully taken.The writ or procedure of such an action. To replevy. Sự giải hiệu sai áp; giải hiệu sai áp
Bản phúc trình; báo cáo. Khai, trình, báo cáo. Rescissory action Tố quyền thiệt tiêu Reservation Sự hạn chế; điều kiện hạn chế Residence Nơi cư trú, nhà ở Residuary beneficiary Người kế quyền với tính cách bao quát Residue The remainder of a testator's estate after all claims, debts, and bequests are satisfied. In this sense, also called residuum. Tất cả phần còn lại của di sản
Bị kháng đơn Restitution Sự bồi thường; sự đền bồi Restraining order Án lệnh cấm chỉ Retain Thuê (luật sư, thông dịch viên tòa án..) Revocatory action Tố quyền truất bãi Revoke Thu hồi Right of action Quyền tố tụng Right of inheritance Quyền thừa kế Rights, constitutional Quyền hiến định Rigid constitution Hiến pháp cương tính Rigorous imprisonment Imprisonment in the second division Phạt giam tiểu hình Robbery The act or an instance of unlawfully taking the property of another by the use of violence or intimidation. Cướp
Phán; quyết định Rost motion (CA) Defense motion seeking dismissal of the charges because of a claimed excessive delay in arresting defendant Thỉnh nguyện miễn tố vì cho rằng bắt giữ đã quá lâu.
directed to a law enforcement officer, commanding him/her to search a specified house, shop or other premises, for physical evidence of an allegedly committed crime, and to bring the same, when found, before the magistrate and usually also, the body of the person occupying the premises, to be dealt with according to law. Lệnh, trát xét nhà Secured preferential claim Trái quyền ưu đãi See, hear and question Coi, nghe và hỏi Self-incrimination Sự tự buộc tội Sentence The judgment formally pronounced by the court or judge upon the defendant after his/her conviction in a criminal prosecution, awarding the punishment to be inflicted. Bản án
shall afford counsel an opportunity to speak on behalf of the defendant and shall address the defenfant personally and ask him if he wishes to make s statement in his own behalf and to present any information in mitigation of punishment. The attorney for the government shall have an equivalent opportunity to speak to the court. Tuyên án
brought before the court for imposition of sentence. Kết án
Tịch thu tạm thời (tài sản của ngườI thiếu nợ) Separation Husband and wife`s cessation of residing together. Sự ly thân; biệt cư Serious felony Define by Statute, Section 1192.7, Subsection C of Penal Code. Serious felonies carry with them enhanced penalties. Hình tội gia trọng
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