A. consonants



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  1. EXERCISES

I: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.


1. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.

2. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.

3. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.

4. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.

5. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.

6. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.

7. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.

8. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.

9. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.

10. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.

11. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.

12. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.

13. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?

14. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.

15. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.

16. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!

17. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.

18. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

19. A seer, so my friends tell me, (predict, predicts) events or developments.

20. The seer, together with three other psychics, (plans, plan) to make a number of startling predictions.

21. These predictions, including one about how well you will do on this practice, (is, are) not to be believed.

22. My sister, along with her husband and my parents, (is, are) driving to a wedding this weekend.

23. Inside my refrigerator (is, are) a can of Diet Pepsi and an old English muffinAnd makes this plural.

24. One of my brothers (was, were) in Atlanta last weekend.

25. The teacher as well as her students (believe, believes) that practice makes perfect.

26. However, I believe that perfect practice, including long drills, (is, are) the key to success.

27. Neither of the two politicians (expect, expects) to lose the race.

28. Neither Senator Smith nor her administrative assistants (return, returns) phone calls.

29. Neither her administrative assistants nor Senator Smith (return, returns) phone calls.

30. Each of the twins (has, have) some unusual habits. (Each is singular.)



  1. My wife, not my friends, (is waiting/are waiting) for me.

  2. A cart and horse (was/were) seen at a distance.

  3. Her principal anxiety (was/were) her children.

  4. The girl, as well as the boys, (has/have) learnt to ride.

  5. The bat together with the ball (was/were) stolen.

  6. Some of the sugar (was/were) spilt on the floor.

II. Complete the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject

  1. She and her friends (be) ............................ at the fair.

  2. The book or the pen (be) ............................ in the drawer.

  3. The boy or his friends (run) ............................ every day.

  4. His friends or the boy (run) ............................ every day.

  5. He (not like) ............................ it. They (not like) ............................ it.

  6. One of the boxes (be) ............................ open

  7. The people who listen to that music (be) ............................ few.

  8. The team captain, as well as his players, (be) ............................ anxious.

  9. The book, including all the chapters in the first section, (be) ............................ boring.

  10. The woman with all the dogs (walk) ............................ down my street.

  11. Each of these hot dogs (be) ............................ juicy.

  12. Everybody (know)............................ Mr. Jones.

  13. Either (be) ............................ correct.

  14. The news (be) ............................ on at six.

  15. Five dollars (be) ............................ a lot of money.

  16. Dollars (be) ............................ often used instead of rubles in Russia.

  17. These scissors (be) ............................ dull.

  18. Those trousers (be) ............................ made of wool.

  19. There (be) ............................ many questions.

  20. There (be) ............................ a question.

  21. The team (run) ............................ during practice.

  22. The committee (decide) ............................ how to proceed.

  23. The family (have) ............................ a long history.

  24. My family (have) ............................ never been able to agree.

  25. The President, accompanied by his wife, (be) ............................ traveling to India.

  26. All of the books, including yours, (be) ............................ in that box.

  27. The football team, including the goal keeper (be) ............................ 11 players.

  28. The news (be) ............................ on TV is very informative.

  29. Three months (be).................... a long time to wait.

  30. Five dollars (be) ....................too much to pay for that book.

  31. A number of books (be) ....................on the table.

  32. The number of students in this class (be) ....................limited to thirty.

  33. It (be) ....................my two brothers who (be) ....................hurt.

  34. It (be) ....................the children playing upstairs.

  35. Neither of the answers (be) .................... correct.

  36. Neither (be) ....................to blame.

  37. Everybody (have) ....................a good time.

  38. Either your key or my key (be) .................... missing.

  39. John or his brothers (be) .................... going to help me.

  40. Bread and butter (be) ....................all he asked for.

  41. The author and lecturer (be) .................... arriving today.

  42. I, your master, (command) ....................you.

  43. Early to bed and early to rise (make) ...................a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

  44. Either the mayor or the elder men (be) ..................to blame.

  45. Not John but his brothers (be) ..................to blame.

  46. A fever, a mutilation, a cruel disappointment, a loss of wealth, a loss of friends (seem) ................... at the moment untold loss.

  47. Man, no less than the lower forms of life (be) .................. a product of the evolutionary process.

  48. The newspaper and the dictionary (be) .................. on the table.

  49. Here (be) .................. bread and the dictionary.

  50. Here (be) ..................bread and butter for breakfast.

  51. The ship with its load of timer (be) .................. leaving the port today.

  52. No one (be) .................. eager to be examined the first.

  53. It (be) ...................her lies that (irritate) ................... me so much.

  54. Three fourths of the wall (be) ..................painted.

  55. Two fifths of the members (be) ..................present.

  56. Two times two (make) ...................four.

  57. Two 2’s (make) ..................four.

  58. Two plus two (be) ..................four.

  59. How many (be) ..................six and five?

  60. Nine from fourteen (be) ..................five.

  61. Twenty years (be) ..................not a long period of time in human history.

  62. Five dimes (make) ...................fifty cents.

  63. Five dollars (be) .................. a small sum.

  64. “The three Musketeers” (be) .................. written by Alexandre Dumas.

  65. You don’t have to say much, a word or two (be) .................. sufficient.

  66. These (be) ..................one or two things I’d like to talk over with you.

  67. The number of new books in our library (be) ..................ever growing.

  68. A number of new books in our library (be) .................. displayed at the book show.

  69. Our only guide ( be) ..................stars.

  70. There (be) .................. a lot of traffic on this road.

III. Choose the best answer:

  1. No news .................. good news.

A. is B. are C. were D. have been

  1. Here .................. some accounts that you must check.
    A. is B. are C. were D. was

  2. A lot of homework .................. me tired.

A. make B. makes C. have made D. are making

  1. Not only Mr. Pike but also his sons .................. tea.

A. likes B. like C. has liked D. liking

  1. Mathematics .................. us with many aspects.

A. helps B. help C. have helped D. helping

  1. The United States .................. of about 160 nations.
    A. consists B. consist C. consisting D. have consisted

  2. Coffee contains caffeine, and ..................
    A. tea does so B. so tea does C. so does tea D. does tea so

  3. Both Tom .................. Mary are students.

A. and B. nor C. or D. with

  1. Plenty of milk .................. consumed everyday.

A. are B. is C. was D. were

  1. Neither you nor I .................. responsible for the bad result.

A. are B. is C. am D. be

  1. Ten thousand dollars .................. a large sum of money.

A. are B. is C. were D. being

  1. I can not speak Spanish. – ..................
    A. So can I B. Neither can I C. Either can I D. Neither can’t I

  2. Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, .................. ready for the exam.
    A. is B. was C. are D. has been

  3. Working for 12 hours a day .................. her very tired.
    A. make B. makes C. making D. have made

  4. The number of the days in a week .................. seven.
    A. is B. was C. are D. were

  5. What he told you .................. to be of no importance.
    A. seems B. seem C. is seeming D. has seemed

  6. The quality of these recordings .................. not very good.
    A. is B. are C. have D. were

19. ………….. Julia ………………. her sister are going to the party.

A. Both /and B. Neither / nor C. Either /or D. Not only / but also

20. My wife had never been to Hue, and .................. I.

A. never have B. neither have C. neither had D. neither did

21. Plants and animals in high mountain areas ………... with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and thin air.

A. live B. they must live C. living D. if they live

22. Tom’ family ------------------ wondering whether there----------- anything that they can do

A. are/ are B. is/ is C. are/ is D. is /are

23. The couple ----------------- in Denver but------------- to Houston for the winters

A. lives/ go B. lives/ goes C. live/ go D. live/ goes

24. Each nation ------------- its own culture, and our nation has----------- own culture, too

A. has/ its B. have/ our C. have/ its D. has/ their



IV. Choose the incorrect sentence in which the verb disagrees with the subject:

1. A. The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director.



  1. A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast

  2. Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us

  3. Ham and eggs are one of her favorite dishes

2. A. Neither has brought the music for the duet

B. Where has everybody gone?

C. Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street

D. Every boy and girl in the class do volunteer work

3 A. Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth

B. Nine miles were the length of the race

C. Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves

D. Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property

4. A. Here are the subjects the president will discuss

B. There are still several oranges in the baskets

C. Here come troubles

D. There’s no tables or chairs to be found anywhere

5. A. Most of the problems have been solved

B. All is ready

C. All was concerned

D. Several have been spotted at the water hole

6. A. Not only the students but also the teachers have signed the petition

B. Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job

C. Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved

D. Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling

7. A. Both of the players were late

B. Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value

C. Many a prisoner have tried to escape

D. Few of the contestants are here yet

8. A. half of the rent is missing

B. Two-thirds of her house have been painted

C. Forty percent is a big commission

D. Half of the apartments in the building are without heat

9. A. John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art

B. He is the only one of four candidates who refuse to attend the course

C. David is one of the employees who always work overtime

D. His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church

10. A. Either his book or that one contains the information

B. Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal

C. The records or the stereo has to go

D. Neither my roommate nor my sisters plans to move



RELATIVE CLAUSES

I. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (MĐQH)

1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clause)

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đứng sau danh từ chưa được xác định, nó thêm một thông tin cần thiết cho danh từ đứng trước và không thể bỏ đi được. Truớc và sau mệnh đề quan hệ thì không có dấu phẩy.

Ex: The man who told me this refused to give me his name.

2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non defining relative clause)

Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được đặt sau các danh từ đã được xác định rồi. Vì thế chúng không xác định danh từ, đơn thuần chỉ thêm một điều gì đó cho nó có thêm thông tin, không giống như các mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, chúng không cần thiết ở trong câu vầ có thể bỏ đi. Trước và sau mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thì có dấu phẩy.

Ex: - The man , whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike.

- This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week.



II. ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:

ĐẠI TỪ

VỊ TRÍ

VÍ DỤ

CHỨC NĂNG

WHO

Nperson + who + V

Nperson + who + S + V




The girl who is standing there is Ann.

The student who the head teacher met was John.



S (Đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH); O: Đứng trước chủ ngữ trong MĐQH

WHOM

Nperson + whom + S + V

WHOM không đứng trước động từ chính trong mệnh đề quan hệ.



Is she the girl whom you are waiting for?

Is she the girl whom who is waiting for you?



O: Đứng trước chủ ngữ trong MĐQH

WHICH

Nthing + which + V

Nthing + which + (S) + V




The book which is on the table is mine.

The dress which she is wearing is beautiful.



S, O

WHOSE

Noun1 + WHOSE + Noun2

Notes: Whose chỉ đứng giữa hai danh từ. Whose không đứng trước: động từ chính trong câu, đại từ nhân xưng (I, you,we they, he, she, it), tính từ sở hữu my, your, our, their, his, her, its), mạo từ (a, an, the), tính từ chỉ định (this, that, these, those)



The dog whose hair is brown belongs to me.

The dog whose which the owner is taking for a walk is beautiful.



Possessive (Quan hệ sở hữu).

THAT

That ≈ Who / Whom / Which

Note: Không dùng THAT trong MĐQH không xác định tức là nó không đứng sau dấu phẩy “,”.



The pen that is on the desk is expensive.

Mr. John, that who works in the hospital, has a big house.



S, O

Nperson + Nthing/animal + that ….…

The dancers and landscapes that he painted were very lively.

Superlative - N + that …..

It is the best film that I have ever seen.

Indefinite pronoun + that…

Is there anything that I can do to help?

WHICH

S + V, which ______

He’s passed the exam, which surprises me.

Thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó.

WHERE

in / on / at + which ( place ) WHERE: không đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH

This is the house in which I was born.

The house where which is next to the church is Laura's.



TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ NƠI CHỐN

WHY

for + which ( reason )

WHY: không đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH

Tell me the reason for which you often phone her.

Tell me the reason why you often phone her.



TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ LÝ DO

WHEN

in/ on/ at which (time – thời gian) WHEN: không đứng trước động từ trong MĐQH

I still remember the time when we first met.

TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN

Reduced Relative Clauses

Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn

Present participle

N + who / which / that + (V)

→ N + Ving (active-câu chủ động)



The man talking to the teacher is my father. (who is talking to the teacher)

Past participle

N + who / which / that + (Vbe) + V3 / ed

→ N + V3 / ed (passive-câu bị động)



The book published last week is her first novel. (which was published last week)

To - infinitive

the first, the second, .…., the next the last, the only, the superlative - N + WHO/ WHOM, WHICH, THAT + V(Main verb – Động chính)

→ the first, the second, .…., the next, the last, the only, the superlative - N + to V0(Động từ chính)

Note: Động từ chính trong mệnh đề quan hệ cần được đưa về dạng nguyên thể khi chúng đa bị chia)


Armstrong was the first man who flew into space. -> Armstrong was the first man to fly into space.

Who was the last person to see the man alive? (that saw the man alive)




Omission of relative pronouns

Có thể lược bỏ ĐTQH (WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT) nếu chúng đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định

The man (who) I told you was my teacher.




RELATIVE PRONOUNS

EXERCISISE 1:

Choose the best option among A, B, C, or D to complete each of the following sentences.

1. Tom, _________ is a monitor of the class, is also the captain of the school football team.



A. who B. which C. whom D. that

2. Budapest, ______ is on the Danube, is a beautiful city.



A. whom B. that C. who       D. which

3. The street _______ leads to my school is very narrow.



A. who B. which C. whom D. whose

4. Bring me the clock _______ is over there.



A. whom B. which          C. whose D. who

5. My friend, ____ aunt is nurse, would like to be a doctor someday.



A. who B.  whom          C. which D. whose

6. The dog, ____ tail I stepped on, bit me.



A. who B. whose          C. which D. whom

7. Please give this to the beggar____ is at the door.



A. who B. which          C. whom D. whose

8. She gives her children everything ____ they want.



A. that B. who C. whom D. what

9. Have you ever seen the photographs ____ Ann took?




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