A. consonants
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I. PRESENT TENSES 1. Present simple a. “TO BE” Form. Eg. I am a student. She isn’t a teacher. Are they workers? – Yes, they are. Where is Lan? – She is in the kitchen.
b. ORDINARY VERBS Eg. (+) They live in Tuyen Quang. (-) They don’t live in Ha Giang. (?) Do they live in Tuyen Quang? – Yes, they do. (+) He works in Hanoi. (-) He doesn’t work in Tuyen Quang. (?) Does he work in Hanoi? – Yes, he does.
(?) Where do they live? – They live in Tuyen Quang.
* Đối với các chủ ngữ là các đại từ nhân xưng I, We, You, They và các danh từ số nhiều thì động từ chia ở dạng nguyên thể không “to”: Eg. They often play volleyball in the afternoon. * Nếu chủ ngữ ở dạng số ít (He, she, it) thì thêm “s” hoặc “es” vào sau động từ: - Cách thêm ‘s, es’ : + Thông thường ta thêm "s" vào sau động từ: works, likes, loves, wants, ... + Thêm “es” vào sau động từ tận cùng là "ss, x, z, ch, sh, o": misses, kisses, passes, relaxes, boxes, buzzes, teaches, approaches, finishes, washes, goes, does ... + Động từ tận cùng là phụ âm + "y", chuyển thành ‘i+es’: cry àcries, fly à flies, study à studies, ... + Động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + "y" thì vẫn tuân theo quy tắc thêm “s” thông thường: play à plays, say à says, pray à prays ... + Số ít của “have” là “has”.
a. Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự kiện khoa học hay một hiện tượng tự nhiên. Ex : Water boils at 100oC. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. b. Diễn tả một phong tục, thói quen ở hiện tại, thường có các trạng từ: always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, never, generally, forever, rarely, every day/ year/ once/ three times a week/a month, . .. Ex: We always go to school at 6 a.m. He often gets up at 5.30. c. Một tình huống, công việc lâu dài, hoặc một chương trình, thời khóa biểu, lịch tàu xe... Ex: I’m a teacher. He works in a bank. The train to Ho Chi Minh City leaves at 5.30 am. There is a football match at 9 p.m on TV tonight. *The adverbs: often, sometimes, always, usually, every.... - Một tình huống, công việc lâu dài, , hoặc một chương trình, thời khóa biểu, lịch tàu xe... *Note:
+ Động từ tận cùng là "s, x, z, ch, sh, p.âm+o" ta thêm "es " + Động từ tận cùng là "p.âm+y", chuyển thành ‘p.âm+ies’ + Số ít của “have” là “has”. 2. Present contimuous a. FORM Eg. (+) I am reading an English book. (-) She is not cooking in the kitchen at the moment. (?) Are they playing handball with their friends now? * Wh-questions: Why is she crying?
a) Cách thêm đuôi "-ing": Thông thường, ta thêm "-ing" vào sau động từ, tuy nhiên : + Động từ tận cùng là "e", bỏ ‘‘e’’ rồi thêm ‘‘-ing’’: live à living, drive à driving, ... + Động từ tận cùng là "ie", chuyển thành ‘‘y + ing’’: die à dying, lie à lying, ... + Động từ 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết mà trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 kết thúc bằng MỘT nguyên âm và MỘT phụ âm thì nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "-ing" (ngoại trừ động từ kết thúc bằng "w", "x") Stop à stopping, cut à cutting, sit à sitting, swim à swimming, ... Begin à beginning, ... But cook à cooking, teach à teaching, grow à growing, fix à fixing ...
- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói hoặc xung quanh thời điểm nói, thường dùng với : now, right now, at the moment, at present, ... Ex: Tom is having dinner at the moment. What are you doing now? Be quiet! The baby is sleeping. Listen! Someone is crying somewhere. - Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai có kế hoạch trước: Ex: George is leaving for New York tomorrow. What are you doing tonight?
*The following verbs are never used in continuous forms: +Verbs of perception(Các động từ về nhận thức): see, hear, notice, recognize, smell, feel.. +Verbs of emotion(Các động từ về cảm xúc ): want, desire, refuse, forget, wish, care, love, hate, like, dislike.. +Verbs of thinking(Các động từ về suy nghĩ ): think, feel, relize, understand, know, mean, suppose, believe, remember, mind, recollect, recall, trust.. 3. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE a. Formation: Examples: (+) Nam has lived in Hanoi for 10 years. (-) I have not found my door keys yet. (?) Have you ever met him before? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. (?) What have you just done?
b. Usage: - The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening in the past and still continuing at the present time (often used with since and for). Eg: We have lived in this city for 10 years. She has worked in that company since 2000. - The Present Perfect Tense is used to express past actions whose time is not definite. Eg: I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them. He has gone away. - The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening in an incomplete period. Eg: It has been cold this winter.
- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express a past experience. Eg: I have been to Ho Chi Minh City several times. He has done this job before. - The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action which will be completed in the future. Eg: I will go when I have finished my homework. He will phone you as soon as he has finished his work. - The Present Perfect Tense is used with just for a recently completed action. Eg: I have just bought a dictionary. - The Present Perfect Tense is used with “not ……. yet” Eg: I have not written to him yet - The Present Perfect Tense is used with “It is the first time/the second time….” Eg: It is the first time that he has been to Tuyen Quang. - The Present Perfect Tense is used with the following adverbs: never, ever, recently, lately, already, up to now, so far, for a long time, for ages… 4. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a. Formation: Examples: (+) Nam has been living in Hanoi for 10 years. (-) I have not been finding my door keys yet. (?) Have you been cooking? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. (?) What have you been doing ?
b. Usage Thì này diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại. Notes: Không dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn để nói những tình huống tồn tại 1 thời gian dài nhất là khi có always. Eg: Alice has always worked hard. (Không dùng has always been working hard) Không dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn với các động từ được liệt kê ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn(các động từ chỉ nhận thức, tri giác). Eg: How long have Bob and Alice been married? (Không dùng have Bob and Alice been being married) Các từ hay đi kèm là:
Eg: I have been studying French for five years. II. PAST TENSES 1. Past simple Form: a) Đối với động từ “to be”: Examples: (+) It was hot yesterday. (-) I wasn’t at home last Sunday. (?) Were they worried about the result of the exam? Yes, they were./No, they weren’t. Where were you last night? – I was at the theatre with my girlfriend.
b) Đối với động từ thường: Examples: (+) She prepared the lessons carefully last night. (-) I did not go to the beach last summer. (?) Did they live here ? No, they didn’t. * What did you do last night? I watched the film on T.V.
Cách thêm “ed”: - Thông thường ta thêm “-ed” để thành lập quá khứ đơn và quá khứ phân từ: Eg. Worked, played, ... + Những động từ tận cùng là “e”, chỉ thêm “d”. Eg: live à lived, like à liked .... + Động từ tận cùng là phụ âm + "y", chuyển thành ‘i+ed’: cry àcried, fly à flied, study à studied, ... + Động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + "y" thì vẫn tuân theo quy tắc thêm “ed” thông thường: play à played, pray à prayed, obey à obeyed ... - Đối với động từ một âm tiết tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước phụ âm đó là một nguyên âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm “ed”: stop àstopped ,drop àdropped. - Đối với động từ 2 âm tiết mà trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 mà tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước phụ âm đó là một nguyên âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm “ed”: permit àpermitted, prefer à preferred, .... b. Động từ bất quy tắc (Irregular verbs): (Xem Bảng động từ bất quy tắc). Eg : come à came do à did go à went cut à cut write à wrote see à saw Use: - Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ với thời gian xác định Eg: She went shopping with me yesterday afternoon. Lan wrote a long letter to her sister last night. - Diễn tả một thói quen hay một công việc lâu dài trong quá khứ: used to + V-infinitive Eg: They used to play on the swings when they were children. When I was a student, I always went to the library to borrow books. - Các trạng từ thường dùng: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/month/year/Christmas, in 1995, ... 2. The Past Continuous Tense a. Form. Eg: He was writing a short story at 9 p.m last night They were not visiting Ho Chi Minh Museum at 8a.m last Sunday. Was Jack swimming at this time yesterday? What were you doing when the light went out?
* Chú ý: Khi từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ thì không áp dụng cấu trúc này mà trật tự từ trong câu ở dạng khẳng định. Eg. What was happening at your house when I phoned you last night? b. Use. - Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra ở một thời điểm hay cả một khoảng thời gian trong quá khứ, thường dùng với at 7.00 pm yesterday, at this time last night, ... Eg: I was watching a football match on T.V at 8 o'clock last night. - Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ (QKTD) thì một hành động khác xảy ra (quá khứ đơn) Eg: I was having dinner when he came. - Diễn tả hai hoặc nhiều hành động xảy ra đồng thời tại cùng một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. Eg: At 8p.m yesterday, Mary was watching TV while Tom was reading a newspaper. 3. The Past Perfect Tense a. Formation: Examples: (+) By the end of 1999, Tom had lived in Hanoi for 5 years. (-) We had not done anything about it before the problem was solved. (?) Had you finished all the work before you left the office? Yes, I had./ No, I hadn’t. * Why hadn’t you finished your homework before you went to bed?
b. Usage: 2.1. The Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening before a specific point of time in the past. Eg: He had worked in that company for 5 years before 1995. They had left before 5 o’clock. 2.2. The Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening before a past action. Eg: She had known the news before I told her about it. The train had gone when we arrived the station. 2.3. The Past Perfect Tense is used in conditional sentences type 3 in if clauses. Eg: If I had known that she was in hospital, I would have come to visit her. If you had worked hard, you would have passed the examination. 4. The past perfect continuous tense a. Formation: Examples: (+) Nam had been living in Hanoi for 10 years before he moved to Hai Phong. (-) I had not been finding my door keys until you told me. (?) Had you been cooking for 30 minutes before you had a bath? Yes, I had./No, I hadn’t. (?) What had you been doing before you met her?
b. Usage Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động quá khứ đã xảy ra và kéo dài cho đến khi hành động quá khứ thứ 2 xảy ra(hành động thứ 2 dùng Past Simple) thường khoảng thời gian kéo dài được êu rõ trong câu. Eg. The man had been playing cards for 3 hours before I came They had been living in London for ten years when I met them III. FUTURE TENSES 1. Future simple tense a. Form: Examples: (+) I think it will rain this Sunday. (-) He won’t win the race. (?) Will youc go to Hanoi tomorrow? Yes, I will/ No, I won’t. (?) What will you do tomorrow?
b. Use: - Diễn tả: + Hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai. Eg: He will be 20 next week. I won’t go there tomorrow. + Đề nghị: Will you open the door? + Một hành động tương lai được quyết định ngay lúc nói. Eg : - Nam is in hospital. - Really? I will visit him. + Dùng để yêu cầu ai đó làm việc gì Eg: Will you please be quiet? + Dùng để hứa hẹn làm điều gì đó Eg: I promise I will call you as soon as I arrive I won’t tell John what you said, I promise + Dùng Shall I và Shall we để đề nghị hoặc gợi ý Eg: Where shall we go this evening? Shall I open the window? + Dùng I think I will... hoặc I don’t think I will…khi ta quyết định làm điều gì Eg: I think I will stay at home this evening I don’t think I will go out tonight. I am too tired. * Các trạng từ thường dùng: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month, next week, next year, next Christmas, next Sunday, soon, sooner or later,...
(-) She is not going to be a doctor. (?) Are you going to apply for the job? Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.
b. Use: Diễn tả:
- Hành động sắp và sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai gần dựa vào dấu hiệu của hiện tại. Eg: Look at the black clouds in the sky. It's going to rain. - Hành động tương lai có dự định trước: Eg. I am going to sell my house next week. 3. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE a Form:
b. Usage: + Diễn tả hành động đang tiến hành tại một thời điểm ở tương lai. Eg: At 10 o’clock tomorrow morning he will be working at his office I will be watching TV at 9 o’clock tonight + Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra ở tương lai thì có hành động khác xen vào( hành động đang xảy ra dùng Future continuous, hành động xen vào dùng ở Present Simple) Eg: I will be studying when you return this evening They will be travelling in Italy by the time you arrive here. + Dùng Will you be + V-ing? để hỏi về dự định của một người khi ta cần điều gì hoặc cần người đó làm điều gì. Eg: A: Will you be using your motorbike this evening? B: No, you can take it. A: Will you be passing the post office when you go out? B: Yes, why? 4. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE a. Form:
b. Usage: - Thì tương lai hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn tất vào một thời điểm cho trước ở tương lai. - Thì này dùng trong câu có các cụm từ chỉ thời gian như: “By + mốc thời gian”; “BY THE TIME”; “BY THEN” Eg. I will have finished my work by noon. They have built that house by July next year. When you come back, I’ll have written this letter. 5. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a. Form:
b. Usage: Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ và kéo dài đến 1 thời điểm cho trước ở tương lai - Các cụm từ chỉ thời gian thường đi kèm là: + By.....for + ( khoảng thời gian) + By then + By the time Eg. By November, we will been living in this house for 10 years. By March 15th, I wil have been working for this company for 6 years Note
1. Không dùng các thì tiếp diễn (continuous tenses) với các động từ chỉ nhận thức tri giác ( see, be, hear...) Không dùng các thì tương lai (Future tenses) trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, thì Simple Future đựoc thay bằng Simple Present, thì Future Perfect (hoặc Future Perfect Continuous) đựoc thay bằng thì Present Perfect ( hoặc Present Perfect continuous) MIXED EXERCISES ON TENSES
1. When I last saw him, he _____ in London. A. has lived B. is living C. was living D. has been living 2. We _______ Dorothy since last Saturday. A. don’t see B. haven’t seen C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen 3. The train ______ half an hour ago. A. has been leaving B. left C. has left D. had left 4. Jack ______ the door. A. has just painted B. paint C. will have painted D. painting 5. My sister ________ for you since yesterday. A. is looking B. was looking C. has been looking D. looked 6. I ______ Texas State University now. A. am attending B. attend C. was attending D. attended 7. He has been selling motorbikes ________. A. ten years ago B. since ten years C. for ten years ago D. for ten years 8. Christopher Columbus _______ American more than 500 years ago. A. discovered B. has discovered C. had discovered D. had been discovering 9. He fell down when he ______ towards the church. A. run B. runs C. was running D. had run 10. We _______ there when our father died. A. still lived B. lived still C. was still lived D. were still living 11. They ______ table tennis when their father comes back home. A. will play B. will be playing C. play D. would play 12. By Christmas, I _______ for Mr. Smith for six years. A. shall have been working B. shall work C. have been working D. shall be working 13. I _______ in the room right now. A. am being B. was being C. have been being D. am 14. I ______ to New York three times this year. A. have been B. was C. were D. had been 15. I’ll come and see you before I _______ for the States. A. leave B. will leave C. have left D. shall leave 16. The little girl asked what _______ to her friend. A. has happened B. happened C. had happened D. would have been happened 17. John ______ a book when I saw him. A. is reading B. read C. was reading D. reading 18. He said he _______ return later. A. will B. would C. can D. would be 19. Jack ________ the door. A. has just opened B. open C. will have opened D. opening 20. I have been waiting for you ______ . A. since early morning B. since 9a.m C. for two hours D. All are correct 21. Almost everyone _______ for home by the time we arrived. A. leave B. left C. leaves D. had left 22. By the age of 25, he ______ two famous novels. A. wrote B. writes C. has written D. had written 23. While her husband was in the army, Mary ______ to him twice a week. A. was reading B. wrote C. was written D. had written 24. I couldn’t cut the grass because the lawn mower ______ a few days previously. A. broke down B. has been broken C. had broken down D. breaks down 25. Since _______, I have heard nothing from him. A. he had left B. he left C. he has left D. he was left 26. After I _______ lunch, I looked for my bag. A. had B. had had C. have has D. have had 27. By the end of next year, George _______ English for two years. A. will have learned B. will learn C. has learned D. would learn 28. The man got out of the car, ________ round to the back and opened the book. A. walking B. walked C. walks D. walk 29. Henry _______ into the restaurant when the writer was having dinner. A. was going B. went C. has gone D. did go 30. He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he ______ dinner. A. finish B. finishes C. will finish D. finishing 31. I shall be glad when he _______. A. had gone B. did go C. went D. has gone 32 Ask her to come and see me when she _______ her work. A. finish B. has finished C. finished D. finishing 33. Turn off the gas. Don’t you see the kettle ________ ? A. boil B. boils C. is boiling D. boiled 34. Tom and Mary ______ for Vietnam tomorrow. A. leave B. are leaving C. leaving D. are left 35. He always ________ for a walk in the evening. A. go B. is going C. goes D. going 36. Her brother ______ in Canada at present. A. working B. works C. is working D. work 37. I ______ to the same barber since last year. A. am going B. have been going C. go D. had gone 38. Her father ______ when she was a small girl. A. dies B. died C. has died D. had died 39. Last week, my professor promised that he ________ today. A. would come B. will come C. comes D. coming 40. Pasteur ______ in the 19th century. A. was living B. lived C. had lived D. has lived Exercise 2. Choose the underlined part in each sentence (A, B,C, or D ) that needs correcting 1. Mr. Pike likes travelling. By the time he will be 60, he will have visited 15 countries. A B C D
2. I sometimes wish that I will have another car. A B C D
3. Peter does likes football. He never misses a football match. A B C D
4. Mr. Pike stopped his car, got out and looking around. A B C D
5. Peter wished they have not been punished by the teacher yesterday. A B C D
6. Why are you so late? I am waiting here for more than one hour. A B C D
7. Why didn’t Peter go to school? What did happened to him? A B C D
8. I was listening to the radio when the door bell ring. A B C D
9. I have learned English for I was 10 years old. A B C D 10. She has not met her mother since she has moved to London two years ago. A B C D
11. After Mrs. Wang had returned to her house from work, she was cooking dinner. A B C D
12. Jimmy threw the ball high in the air, and Betty catching it when it came down. A B C D
13. Linda has worn her new yellow dress only once since she buys it. A B C D
14. Last week Mark told me that he got very bored with his present job and is looking for a new one. A B C D
15. Having fed the dog, he was sat down to his own meal. A B C D
16. His wife returned when he has left this world for half a day. A B C D
17. They are going to have to leave soon and so do we. A B C D
18. The boss laughed when the secretary has told him that she really needed a pay rise. A B C D
19. The telephone rang several times and then stop before I could answer it. A B C D
20. Debbie, who is an excellent tennis player, has been playing tennis since ten years. A B C D
21. I have seen lots of interesting places when I went on holiday last summer. A B C D
22. When my cat heard a noise in the bushes, she stopped moving and listen intently. A B C D
23. I think it’s time you must change your way of living. A B C D
24. When I’m shopping, I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t met for five years. A B C D
25. The police arrested the man while he is having dinner in a restaurant. A B C D
26. Peter and Wendy first met in 2006, and they are married for three years now. A B C D
27. Some people are believing there is life on other planets. A B C D
28. Every morning, the sun shines in my bedroom window and waking me up. A B C D
Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences using the cues. 1. I have not been to an Indian restaurant for ages. It is ages____________________________________________________ 2. How long have Helen and Robert been married? When ______________________________________________________ 3. When you phoned me, it was my lunchtime. When ______________________________________________________ 4. I have not had a Chinese meal for 4 years. The last time _________________________________________________ 5. David went home before we arrived. When _______________________________________________________ 6. I have only recently started wearing glasses. I did not_____________________________________________________ 7. Jack left the office before I arrived there. When _______________________________________________________ 8. During my dinner, the phone rang. While _______________________________________________________ 9. I have not been to the cinema for 2 months. I last _____________________________________________________________ 10. This is my first visit to Japan. This is the first time_________________________________________________ MODAL VERBS 1. Can ( quá khứ là could ) : chỉ một khả năng hoặc cơ hội làm đều gì đó, nghĩa là “ có thể”.
- In the past, people could hardly travel easily. 2. may / might : diễn đạt điều gì đó không chắc chắn xảy ra. Ex : - It may / might be a bomb. - She may / might be at home today. 3. should ( not )/ought to : chỉ lời khuyên ( nên hay không nên ) Ex : - You should not smoke so much. It is not good for you. d. Must/have to: chỉ sự bắt buộc ( phải ), must not chỉ sự cấm đoán không được phép. Ex : - You haven’t got much time. You must hurry. - You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else. 4. Need ( cần ) needn’t = don’t need ( không cần ) Ex : You have got plenty of time. You don’t need to hurry ( You needn’t hurry ) Notes : 1. Câu đề nghị : Can you …. ? Could you …. ? hoặc May I …. ? Ex : Could you please open the window ? Каталог: 1fdegdtmonocomosopfile -> uploads -> files -> tailieu -> lop12 -> Tienganh12 lop12 -> Bài tập viết phương trình đường thẳng và mặt phẳng Bài lop12 -> BÀi tập phần kim loại câu nào sau đây không lop12 -> Bài este. I. Khái niệm tải về 3.68 Mb. Chia sẻ với bạn bè của bạn:
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