2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

39. Kuboyama K, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman SA, Stezoski SW, Alexander H. Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1348–1358.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

40. Abella BS, Zhao D, Alvarado J, Hamann K, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB. Intra-arrest cooling improves outcomes in a murine cardiac arrest model. Circulation. 2004;109:2786–2791.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

41. Takata K, Takeda Y, Sato T, Nakatsuka H, Yokoyama M, Morita K. Effects of hypothermia for a short period on histologic outcome and extracellular glutamate concentration during and after cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1340–1345.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

42. Hicks SD, DeFranco DB, Callaway CW. Hypothermia during reperfusion after asphyxial cardiac arrest improves functional recovery and selectively alters stress-induced protein expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20:520–530.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

43. Colbourne F, Li H, Buchan AM. Indefatigable CA1 sector neuroprotection with mild hypothermia induced 6 hours after severe forebrain ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19:742–749.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

44. Wolff B, Machill K, Schumacher D, Schulzki I, Werner D. Early achievement of mild therapeutic hypothermia and the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:223–228.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

45. Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, Ballard R, Edwards AD, Ferriero DM, Polin RA, Robertson CM, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, Gunn AJ. Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9460):663–670.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

46. Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson JE, McDonald SA, Donovan EF, Fanaroff AA, Poole WK, Wright LL, Higgins RD, Finer NN, Carlo WA, Duara S, Oh W, Cotten CM, Stevenson DK, Stoll BJ, Lemons JA, Guillet R, Jobe AH. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1574–1584.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

47. Heard KJ, Peberdy MA, Sayre MR, Sanders A, Geocadin RG, Dixon SR, Larabee TM, Hiller K, Fiorello A, Paradis NA, O'Neil BJ. A randomized controlled trial comparing the Arctic Sun to standard cooling for induction of hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 81:9–14.

48. Flint AC, Hemphill JC, Bonovich DC. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: performance characteristics and safety of surface cooling with or without endovascular cooling. Neurocrit Care. 2007;7:109–118.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

49. Pichon N, Amiel JB, Francois B, Dugard A, Etchecopar C, Vignon P. Efficacy of and tolerance to mild induced hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using an endovascular cooling system. Crit Care. 2007;11:R71.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

50. Kliegel A, Losert H, Sterz F, Kliegel M, Holzer M, Uray T, Domanovits H. Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest–a feasibility study. Resuscitation. 2005;64:347–351.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

51. Kliegel A, Janata A, Wandaller C, Uray T, Spiel A, Losert H, Kliegel M, Holzer M, Haugk M, Sterz F, Laggner AN. Cold infusions alone are effective for induction of therapeutic hypothermia but do not keep patients cool after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2007;73:46–53.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

52. Kim F, Olsufka M, Carlbom D, Deem S, Longstreth WT, Jr., Hanrahan M, Maynard C, Copass MK, Cobb LA. Pilot study of rapid infusion of 2 L of 4 degrees C normal saline for induction of mild hypothermia in hospitalized, comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005;112:715–719.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

53. Kliegel A, Losert H, Sterz F, Kliegel M, Holzer M, Uray T, Domanovits H. Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest–a feasibility study. Resuscitation. 2005;64:347–351.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

54. Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K. Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation. 2003;56:9–13.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

55. Virkkunen I, Yli-Hankala A, Silfvast T. Induction of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest in prehospital patients using ice-cold Ringer's solution: a pilot study. Resuscitation. 2004;62:299–302.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

56. Jacobshagen C, Pax A, Unsold BW, Seidler T, Schmidt-Schweda S, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. Effects of large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid infusion on respiratory function in cardiac arrest survivors. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1223–1228.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

57. Kilgannon JH, Roberts BW, Stauss M, Cimino MJ, Ferchau L, Chansky ME, Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Trzeciak S. Use of a standardized order set for achieving target temperature in the implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a feasibility study. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:499–505.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

58. Spiel AO, Kliegel A, Janata A, Uray T, Mayr FB, Laggner AN, Jilma B, Sterz F. Hemostasis in cardiac arrest patients treated with mild hypothermia initiated by cold fluids. Resuscitation. 2009;80:762–765.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

59. Larsson IM, Wallin E, Rubertsson S. Cold saline infusion and ice packs alone are effective in inducing and maintaining therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2010;81:15–19.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

60. Kim F, Olsufka M, Longstreth WT, Jr., Maynard C, Carlbom D, Deem S, Kudenchuk P, Copass MK, Cobb LA. Pilot randomized clinical trial of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a rapid infusion of 4 degrees C normal saline. Circulation. 2007;115:3064–3070.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

61. Kamarainen A, Virkkunen I, Tenhunen J, Yli-Hankala A, Silfvast T. Prehospital therapeutic hypothermia for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:900–907.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

62. Hammer L, Vitrat F, Savary D, Debaty G, Santre C, Durand M, Dessertaine G, Timsit JF. Immediate prehospital hypothermia protocol in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27:570–573.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

63. Kamarainen A, Virkkunen I, Tenhunen J, Yli-Hankala A, Silfvast T. Prehospital induction of therapeutic hypothermia during CPR: a pilot study. Resuscitation. 2008;76:360–363.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

64. Kamarainen A, Virkkunen I, Tenhunen J, Yli-Hankala A, Silfvast T. Induction of therapeutic hypothermia during prehospital CPR using ice-cold intravenous fluid. Resuscitation. 2008;79:205–211.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

65. Imamura M, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Sessler DI, Nishiyama T, Kumazawa T. The accuracy and precision of four infrared aural canal thermometers during cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42:1222–1226.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

66. Pujol A, Fusciardi J, Ingrand P, Baudouin D, Le Guen AF, Menu P. Afterdrop after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: the value of tympanic membrane temperature monitoring. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1996;10:336–341.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

67. Akata T, Setoguchi H, Shirozu K, Yoshino J. Reliability of temperatures measured at standard monitoring sites as an index of brain temperature during deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass conducted for thoracic aortic reconstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:1559–1565.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

68. Adrie C, Adib-Conquy M, Laurent I, Monchi M, Vinsonneau C, Fitting C, Fraisse F, Dinh-Xuan AT, Carli P, Spaulding C, Dhainaut JF, Cavaillon JM. Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a "sepsis-like" syndrome. Circulation. 2002;106:562–568.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

69. Adrie C, Laurent I, Monchi M, Cariou A, Dhainaou JF, Spaulding C. Postresuscitation disease after cardiac arrest: a sepsis-like syndrome? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10:208–212.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

70. Takino M, Okada Y. Hyperthermia following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 1991;17:419–420.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

71. Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F, Schorkhuber W, Eisenburger P, Havel C, Kliegel A, Laggner AN. Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2007–2012.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

72. Hickey RW, Kochanek PM, Ferimer H, Graham SH, Safar P. Hypothermia and hyperthermia in children after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Pediatrics. 2000;106(pt 1):118–122.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

73. Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA. In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation. 2003;56:247–263.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

74. Takasu A, Saitoh D, Kaneko N, Sakamoto T, Okada Y. Hyperthermia: is it an ominous sign after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation. 2001;49:273–277.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

75. Wang Y, Lim LL, Levi C, Heller RF, Fisher J. Influence of admission body temperature on stroke mortality. Stroke. 2000;31:404–409.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

76. Diringer MN. Treatment of fever in the neurologic intensive care unit with a catheter-based heat exchange system. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:559–564.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

77. Diringer MN, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Uman GC. Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1489–1495.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

78. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen LL, Olsen TS. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996;347(8999):422–425.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

79. Hanchaiphiboolkul S. Body temperature and mortality in acute cerebral infarction. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88:26–31.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

80. Kammersgaard LP, Jorgensen HS, Rungby JA, Reith J, Nakayama H, Weber UJ, Houth J, Olsen TS. Admission body temperature predicts long-term mortality after acute stroke: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 2002;33:1759–1762.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

81. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, Lamy M, Legall JR, Morris A, Spragg R. The Am-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(3 Pt 1): 818–824.[Abstract]

82. Marsala J, Marsala M, Vanicky I, Galik J, Orendacova J. Post cardiac arrest hyperoxic resuscitation enhances neuronal vulnerability of the respiratory rhythm generator and some brainstem and spinal cord neuronal pools in the dog. Neurosci Lett. 1992;146:121–124.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

83. Zwemer CF, Whitesall SE, D'Alecy LG. Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation with 100% oxygen exacerbates neurological dysfunction following nine minutes of normothermic cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation. 1994;27:159–170.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

84. Liu Y, Rosenthal RE, Haywood Y, Miljkovic-Lolic M, Vanderhoek JY, Fiskum G. Normoxic ventilation after cardiac arrest reduces oxidation of brain lipids and improves neurological outcome. Stroke. 1998;29:1679–1686.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

85. Vereczki V, Martin E, Rosenthal RE, Hof PR, Hoffman GE, Fiskum G. Normoxic resuscitation after cardiac arrest protects against hippocampal oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, and neuronal death. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26:821–835.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

86. Richards EM, Fiskum G, Rosenthal RE, Hopkins I, McKenna MC. Hyperoxic reperfusion after global ischemia decreases hippocampal energy metabolism. Stroke. 2007;38:1578–1584.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

87. Richards EM, Rosenthal RE, Kristian T, Fiskum G. Postischemic hyperoxia reduces hippocampal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006;40:1960–1970.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

88. Kuisma M, Boyd J, Voipio V, Alaspaa A, Roine RO, Rosenberg P. Comparison of 30 and the 100% inspired oxygen concentrations during early post-resuscitation period: a randomised controlled pilot study. Resuscitation. 2006;69:199–206.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

89. Safar P, Xiao F, Radovsky A, Tanigawa K, Ebmeyer U, Bircher N, Alexander H, Stezoski SW. Improved cerebral resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs with mild hypothermia plus blood flow promotion. Stroke. 1996;27:105–113.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

90. Kagstrom E, Smith ML, Siesjo BK. Cerebral circulatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in the recovery period following complete and incomplete cerebral ischemia in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand. 1983;118:281–291.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

91. Krep H, Brinker G, Pillekamp F, Hossmann KA. Treatment with an endothelin type A receptor-antagonist after cardiac arrest and resuscitation improves cerebral hemodynamic and functional recovery in rats. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:2866–2872.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

92. Krep H, Brinker G, Schwindt W, Hossmann KA. Endothelin type A-antagonist improves long-term neurological recovery after cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:2873–2880.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

93. Nemoto EM, Snyder JV, Carroll RG, Morita H. Global ischemia in dogs: cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and autoregulation. Stroke. 1975;6:425–431.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

94. Vanicky I, Marsala M, Murar J, Marsala J. Prolonged postischemic hyperventilation reduces acute neuronal damage after 15 min of cardiac arrest in the dog. Neurosci Lett. 1992;135:167–170.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

95. Wolfson SK, Jr., Safar P, Reich H, Clark JM, Gur D, Stezoski W, Cook EE, Krupper MA. Dynamic heterogeneity of cerebral hypoperfusion after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs measured by the stable xenon/CT technique: a preliminary study. Resuscitation. 1992;23:1–20.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

96. Fischer M, Hossmann KA. No-reflow after cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21:132–141.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

97. Ausina A, Baguena M, Nadal M, Manrique S, Ferrer A, Sahuquillo J, Garnacho A. Cerebral hemodynamic changes during sustained hypocapnia in severe head injury: can hyperventilation cause cerebral ischemia? Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998;71:1–4.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

98. Yundt KD, Diringer MN. The use of hyperventilation and its impact on cerebral ischemia in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Clin. 1997;13:163–184.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

99. Buunk G, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE. Cerebrovascular reactivity in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. Stroke. 1997;28:1569–1573.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

100. Yannopoulos D, Aufderheide TP, Gabrielli A, Beiser DG, McKnite SH, Pirrallo RG, Wigginton J, Becker L, Vanden Hoek T, Tang W, Nadkarni VM, Klein JP, Idris AH, Lurie KG. Clinical and hemodynamic comparison of 15:2 and 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratios for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1444–1449.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

101. Yannopoulos D, Tang W, Roussos C, Aufderheide TP, Idris AH, Lurie KG. Reducing ventilation frequency during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Respir Care. 2005;50:628–635.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

102. Herff H, Paal P, von Goedecke A, Lindner KH, Severing AC, Wenzel V. Influence of ventilation strategies on survival in severe controlled hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:2613–2620.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

103. Pepe PE, Raedler C, Lurie KG, Wigginton JG. Emergency ventilatory management in hemorrhagic states: elemental or detrimental? J Trauma. 2003;54:1048–1055.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

104. Pepe PE, Marini JJ. Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto-PEEP effect. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126:166–170.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

105. Franklin C, Samuel J, Hu TC. Life-threatening hypotension associated with emergency intubation and the initiation of mechanical ventilation. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:425–428.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

106. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301–1308.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

107. Tremblay LN, Slutsky AS. Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench to the bedside. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:24–33.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

108. Borges JB, Okamoto VN, Matos GF, Caramez MP, Arantes PR, Barros F, Souza CE, Victorino JA, Kacmarek RM, Barbas CS, Carvalho CR, Amato MB. Reversibility of lung collapse and hypoxemia in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:268–278.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

109. Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N, Matthay MA, Morris A, Ancukiewicz M, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:327–336.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

110. Wongsurakiat P, Pierson DJ, Rubenfeld GD. Changing pattern of ventilator settings in patients without acute lung injury: changes over 11 years in a single institution. Chest. 2004;126:1281–1291.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

111. Wan S, Quinlan DJ, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW. Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2004;110:744–749.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

112. Scholz KH, Hilmer T, Schuster S, Wojcik J, Kreuzer H, Tebbe U. Thrombolysis in resuscitated patients with pulmonary embolism. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1990;115:930–935.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

113. Bottiger BW, Bode C, Kern S, Gries A, Gust R, Glatzer R, Bauer H, Motsch J, Martin E. Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9268):1583–1585.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

114. Fatovich DM, Dobb GJ, Clugston RA. A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation. 2004;61:309–313.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

115. Fava M, Loyola S, Bertoni H, Dougnac A. Massive pulmonary embolism: percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:119–123.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

116. Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I, Losert H, Riedmuller E, Pikula B, Laggner AN, Laczika K. Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation. 2003;57:49–55.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

117. Konstantinov IE, Saxena P, Koniuszko MD, Alvarez J, Newman MA. Acute massive pulmonary embolism with cardiopulmonary resuscitation: management and results. Tex Heart Inst J. 2007;34:41–45; discussion 45–46.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

118. Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kroesen G, Baubin M. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 108 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2001;50:71–76.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

119. Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kinzl J, Kroesen G, Baubin M. Long-term survival and neurological outcome of patients who received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2004;61:123–129.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

120. Zahorec R. Rescue systemic thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002;103(7–8):266–269.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

121. Spohr F, Bottiger BW. Thrombolytic therapy during or after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: efficacy and safety of a new therapeutic approach. Minerva Anestesiol. 2003;69:357–364.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

122. Schmid C, Zietlow S, Wagner TO, Laas J, Borst HG. Fulminant pulmonary embolism: symptoms, diagnostics, operative technique, and results. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:1102–1105.[Abstract]

123. Dauphine C, Omari B. Pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1240–1244.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

124. Doerge HC, Schoendube FA, Loeser H, Walter M, Messmer BJ. Pulmonary embolectomy: review of a 15-year experience and role in the age of thrombolytic therapy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1996;10:952–957.[Abstract]